1. INTRODUCTION Two simple techniques for encrypting information are: symmetric encryption (also called secret key encryption) and asymmetric encryption (also called public key encryption). Symmetric algorithms are faster, but the main problem associated with this algorithm is key distribution. On the other hand, asymmetric encryption eliminates key security problem, but these algorithms take too much time for encryption and decryption. Certain systems use asymmetric encryption for secure key exchange joined with symmetric algorithms for rapid data encryption. One of highly regarded symmetric algorithms is AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), AES is encryption standard recognized by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) …show more content…
Other asymmetric algorithms, such as DSA, are suitable only for realizing digital signatures. The asymmetric algorithms are much slower and less secure than symmetric algorithms for a similar key size. To get desired result, asymmetric algorithms should be used with a larger key size, and, to achieve acceptable performance, they are mainly applied to small data sizes. Therefore, asymmetric algorithms are generally used to encrypt hash values and symmetric session keys, both of which tend to be rather small in size when compared to plaintext …show more content…
In such a cryptosystem, the encryption key is public and the decryption key is kept secret. In RSA, this asymmetry is based on the practical difficulty of factoring the product of two large prime numbers, the factoring problem. RSA is the abbrevation for Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman, who first described the algorithm in 1977. Clifford Cocks, an English mathematician, had developed an equivalent system in 1973, but it was not declassified until 1997.
A handler of RSA creates and then distributes a public key based on the two large prime numbers, along with an add-on value. The prime numbers must be kept confidential. Anybody can use the public key to encrypt a message, but with presently published methods, if the public key is huge enough, only somebody with knowledge of the prime numbers can decode the message. Breaking RSA encryption is known as the RSA problem. It is an open query whether it is as hard as the factoring problem.
2.2 DES
Goldbach’s conjecture is one of the most well-known theories in all of mathematics. His conjecture states that, “every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes.” Goldbach’s conjecture includes the Goldbach number and many other algebraic expressions. Goldbach’s conjecture is so crucial that it was even featured in Hans Magnus Enzensberger’s The Number Devil. During the 5th night, the number devil shows Robert the Goldbach conjecture. On page 98 of The Number Devil, the number devil gives Robert examples of how to solve and work Goldbach’s conjecture. The number devil uses triangles as an example to introduce Goldbach’s conjecture. The number devil makes Robert throw coconuts to make triangles. This example shows a perfect example of Goldbach’s conjecture because it shows that “every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes.” The number
What is encryption? Encryption is a technological technique that protects and secures the transfer of plain text information between two sources through the use of the internet. This is done by rearranging the text using a mathematical algorithm that renovates the message into an indecipherable form, which can only be unlocked and translated with a use of a key. The strength of the encryption key is measured by its length, which is determined by the number of bits and by the type of encryption program.
RSA encryption is the foundation of public key cryptography security products. For example, credit card companies use the RSA algorithm for customers’ individual online WebPages. The credit card companies publish a big number on WebPages, which is made by big prime numbers using the RSA algorithm. Since neither computers nor people can factor such big numbers, the RSA encryption system has secured many customers’ information.
Farah Stockman- Harvard alum, journalist, and Pulitzer Prize winner- examines the effect busing has on the youth in Boston, a city with continuing racial contradictions she seamlessly integrates into her articles. She uses her platform to push for change for minorities both locally and globally. She shows that while progress is made, work is still needed. She shows that what we see on television is not always reality. She shows that this era has been shaped by the history of desegregation.
Asymmetric Key Encryption methods are DSA, Diffie Hellman, RSA, Elliptic Curve and DSA. Asymmetric Encryption
Summary of Text: ‘The Redfern Address’ is a speech that was given to a crowd made up of mainly indigenous Australians at the official opening of the United Nations International Year of the World’s Indigenous Peoples in Redfern Park, New South Wales. This text deals with many of the challenges that have been faced by Indigenous Australians over time, while prompting the audience to ask themselves, ‘How would I feel?’ Throughout the text, Keating challenges the views of history over time, outlines some of the outrageous crimes committed against the Indigenous community, and praises the indigenous people on their contribution to our nation, despite the way they have been treated.
My project mainly focuses on relatively new field of study in Information Technology known as cryptography. This topic will take an in-depth look at this technology by introducing various concepts of cryptography, a brief history of cryptography and a look at some of the cryptography techniques available today. This will have a close look at how we can use cryptography in an open-systems environment such as the Internet, as well as some of the tools and resources available to help us accomplish this.
Lv, X., Li, H., Wang, B. (2012) Virtual private key generator based escrow-free certificateless public key cryptosystem for mobile ad hoc networks ISSN: 19390114
In about 200 BC the Greek Eratosthenes devised an algorithm for calculating primes called the Sieve of Eratosthenes.
Data encryption refers to the process of transforming electronic information into a scrambled form that can only be read by someone who knows how to translate the code. In nowadays business world, it’s the easiest and most practical way to secure the information that we stored and processed, and it’s significant for our sensitive information. For example, as electronic commerce is popular now, the vendors and retailers must protect the customers’ personal information from hackers or competitors. They also have many business files or contracts that need to be strictly protected. Without data encryption, these important information may fall into wrong hands and be misused by others. Besides, data encryption may be used to secure sensitive information that exists on company networks, or create digital signatures, and help to authorize in business. No one should underestimate the importance of encryption. A little mistake in encryption may make sensitive information revealing, or even result in illegal and criminal accuse.
Computer science is a vast field that includes nearly everything relating to computers. Everyday there is information transmitted all over the Internet. Pictures are uploaded, transactions are made on thousands of online retail websites, and banking transactions take place everyday on the Internet. All of these transactions have created a need for secure communications. People wish to keep things like banking, medical, and political information from the eyes of unwelcome parties. This has created a need for cryptography. Cryptography is the science or study of the techniques of secret writing, especially code and cipher systems, and is used by everyone from the average citizen to the government and military.
Despite the numerous advantages offered by cloud computing, security is a big issue concerned with cloud computing. There are various security issues and concerns associated with cloud computing, among them being phishing, data loss and data privacy. There are different mitigation measures that cloud pioneers are currently using to ensure data stored in the cloud remain secure and confidential as intended. Encryption is one mitigation method used to ensure security in cloud computing. According to Krutz and Vines (2010), encryption involves coding of the data stored in the computing cloud such that hackers cannot gain access to the data. Data encryption seems to be the most effective method of ensuring security in computing (Krutz and Vines, 2010). However, it is of paramount importance to note that encrypted data is usually difficult to search or perform various calculations on it.
Pierre de Fermat Pierre de Fermat was born in the year 1601 in Beaumont-de-Lomages, France. Mr. Fermat's education began in 1631. He was home schooled. Mr. Fermat was a single man through his life. Pierre de Fermat, like many mathematicians of the early 17th century, found solutions to the four major problems that created a form of math called calculus. Before Sir Isaac Newton was even born, Fermat found a method for finding the tangent to a curve. He tried different ways in math to improve the system. This was his occupation. Mr. Fermat was a good scholar, and amused himself by restoring the work of Apollonius on plane loci. Mr. Fermat published only a few papers in his lifetime and gave no systematic exposition of his methods. He had a habit of scribbling notes in the margins of books or in letters rather than publishing them. He was modest because he thought if he published his theorems the people would not believe them. He did not seem to have the intention to publish his papers. It is probable that he revised his notes as the occasion required. His published works represent the final form of his research, and therefore cannot be dated earlier than 1660. Mr. Pierre de Fermat discovered many things in his lifetime. Some things that he did include: -If p is a prime and a is a prime to p then ap-1-1 is divisible by p, that is, ap-1-1=0 (mod p). The proof of this, first given by Euler, was known quite well. A more general theorem is that a0-(n)-1=0 (mod n), where a is prime...
In this era when the Internet provides essential communication between tens of millions of people and is being increasingly used as a tool for security becomes a tremendously important issue to deal with, So it is important to deal with it. There are many aspects to security and many applications, ranging from secure commerce and payments to private communications and protecting passwords. One essential aspect for secure communications is that of cryptography. But it is important to note that while cryptography is necessary for secure communications, it is not by itself sufficient. Cryptography is the science of writing in secret code and is an ancient art; In the old age people use to send encoded message which can be understand by the receiver only who know the symbolic and relative meaning of that encoded message .The first documented use of cryptography in writing dates back to circa 1900 B.C. Egyptian scribe used non-standard hieroglyphs in an inscription. After writing was invented cryptography appeared spontaneously with applications ranging from diplomatic missives to war-time battle plans. It is no surprise, then, that new forms of cryptography came soon after the widespread development of computer communications. In telecommunications and data cryptography is necessary when communicating in any untrusted medium, which includes any network, particularly the Internet [1].Within the context of any application-to-application communication, there are some security requirements, including:
There are many people that contributed to the discovery of irrational numbers. Some of these people include Hippasus of Metapontum, Leonard Euler, Archimedes, and Phidias. Hippasus found the √2. Leonard Euler found the number e. Archimedes found Π. Phidias found the golden ratio. Hippasus found the first irrational number of √2. In the 5th century, he was trying to find the length of the sides of a pentagon. He successfully found the irrational number when he found the hypotenuse of an isosceles right triangle. He is thought to have found this magnificent finding at sea. However, his work is often discounted or not recognized because he was supposedly thrown overboard by fellow shipmates. His work contradicted the Pythagorean mathematics that was already in place. The fundamentals of the Pythagorean mathematics was that number and geometry were not able to be separated (Irrational Number, 2014).