1.0 Introduction
Rapid population growth and increasing urbanization have triggers increases in demand for real property. These developments ultimate translate to the responsibility of local authority in providing facilities for the public. Therefore, local government need some sources to provide these facilities. Basically local government income comes from taxes, fees and fines. Property taxes are the largest fund and backbone of municipal finance which is used to provide amenities and services. However not all land parcels and buildings can be taxed. There are some taxable properties which are exempted by law such as non profit religious, health, education and /or social activities; wildlife reserves and forests and other protected areas; cemeteries; those related to the functioning of certain international organisation; and those related to official foreign diplomatic presence (Lewis, 2003).
Property tax is an ad valorem levy on the value of property which the owner is required to pay. In Malaysia, the assessment rates are charged according to the provision of Local Government Act 1976. This provision empowers the local authority to collect assessment rates according to the area of jurisdiction. The property tax is based on market value for the state of Johor and annual value for the rest of states in Malaysia. Most of the appraisals in Malaysia are using conventional system to evaluate the property tax. The valuation or revaluation of the property is still carried out by manual approach. This manual approach is the main reason for inefficiency and unsystematic in local government’s property tax administration. Hence, only few local authorities in Malaysia carry out valuation using computer but this valuation done man...
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...x. Literature review will also help the researcher to identify the general elements, components, functions and features of the CAMA Systems.
Secondly, questionnaire survey with the prospective appraisals will be carried out at the selected local authorities to reveal the problem faced in property tax administration processes and procedures, the data and information required to be made available in the system, report format, user interfaces, user and management functions etc.
Finally, quantitative analysis will be used to analyse the responses from the users to evaluate the strength, weakness, opportunity and threat in administrating the property tax in Malaysia; the efficiency of the CAMA system and whether it has fulfilled their administration requirements. Proposals to further enhance the CAMA System will be outlined for further research in the future.
Compensation must be provided to the person whose property is being bought. Each country should work to set a standard for what is a fair market price, to prevent any people from inadequate compensation. The value of the property must be taken into account, and the effect this will have on their way of life. If a person is, for example, losing their home, the government must provide enough money to ensure that individual is able to relocate comfortably.
Habitat for Humanity homeownership is income based; therefore, any future property tax assessments should c...
Municipal control or an alternative delivery method? This is the question that has intrigued all levels of local government and created intense debates between taxpayers across municipalities. The services that municipalities provide are often vital to the existence of a local area. The issues of accountability, cost savings, quality of service and democracy often arise when choosing the best options to deliver services to a municipal area. In recent years the concepts of privatization, alternative service delivery and public-private partnerships are often promoted as ways cut down on overburdened annual city budgets and promote a higher quality of service to citizens. Municipalities have historically always provided basic services such as fire protection, water purification/treatment and recreational facilities. However, would private companies or another municipality be able to better deliver the same services more efficiently or at a lower cost? The city or town often provides a political grass roots approach to most local problems. Municipalities are better positioned and have a wider scope to provide services to their constituents in order to ensure quality of service that does not erode accountability and transparency, or drive the municipality deeper into debt.
This year as an administrator in the building the survey would have come in handy in order for me to learn about some of the
Condominium associations are unique in that the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) allows them to elect annually to be taxed as a regular corporation or receive special treatment and be taxed as a homeowners’ association. If electing to be taxed as a regular corporation IRC § 277 applies and Form
The initial presentation of Parts 1 and 2 of this FiSuR to Council representatives is also part of the quality control process. The intention is to optimise the value added by survey activity from both a local and regional perspective. Once feedback from Council has been gained, recommendations and a thorough analysis of the findings will be provided.
cents” (Morris 23). According to this information, urban sprawl is costing tax payers in areas of
In law there are two types of land, registered and unregistered. It is necessary to register land so the register precisely reflects the state of the registered property, so it is clear to see who the current owner is and whether there are any third party proprietary interests affecting it; this is important as it would make many lal enquiries easier and will show the property’s reality to any future purchasers. The purpose of land registration according to Gray and Gray (2008) is that “any prospective purchaser of registered land should always be able to verify, by simple examination of the register, the exact nature of all the interests existing in or over the land which he proposes to buy”. There are three main principles of land registration: the insurance principle, curtain principle and the mirror principle. The mirror principle which essentially means that the register reflects reality hence all facts significant to the land title are to be found on the register. The significant facts that should be included in the register are “the owner, the nature of his ownership, and any limitations on his ownership and any rights enjoyed by other persons over the land that are adverse to the owner”. However this is not always the case as some third party proprietary interests override registered dispositions, these are called overriding interests. Overriding interests are binding on a purchaser of any registered land even though they are not on the register.
Pikas, E. (2013). Building information modeling dcation for construction engineeng and managemet. ii; procedures and implementaion case stdy. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 139(11), 04013016-1 - 04013014-11.
The first step to development is to survey the property in order to document and draw the bounds and land surface shapes. The property will be represented by various geometry elements such as points, lines, arcs, circles, and other defined geometry shapes. Surveyors use scope on tripods witch use projection of line Referenced point on a stick in order to measure the variations of the heights on the ground. This tool uses various angel theorems and postulates to find location of property boundaries, property corners, utilities and building layouts on the property. The surveyor uses the data collected to draw the property layout on a 36”x 24”sheet of paper.
Valuation of real estates or properties basically, refers to appraising a property or a real estate to form an opinion about the value of the property. This value is normally the properties’ market value. Properties are heterogeneous in nature; meaning they are not all identical or alike and thus, they have different values. However, it is possible to get a range for the values. There are some obvious factors like physical location of a property that automatically makes the market value of different properties differ. The materials used on a property and other features also contribute to making property differ in their value. Other factors such as the physical size of a property still determine a property’s market value (Histon Fine Homes, 2008
Taxation is a compulsory levy imposed on the income, value of goods and services of individuals, partners and companies by the government. It is can be said to be an approach of imposing tax on the citizen. This imposition of tax, is expected to yield income which should be utilized in the provision of both basic and substantial infrastructural amenities, both social and security, as well as creates conditions for the economic well-being of the society at large.
The purpose of enacting The Land Registration Act 2002, was to combat the uncertainties evolved around the previous Act, Land Registration Act 1925 . The need for reforms was highlighted in a report by Law Commission known as Land Registration for the 21st Century: a Conveyancing Revolution . LRA 2002 repealed LRA 1925, not only simplify the law by maintaining an accurate record of all the rights and alongside interests held by others that affect the land, but also to give certainty the basic concepts engrossed by the 1925 Act as it can be very clearly evident that 2002 Act revolves around the original and principle ideas with amendments.
On the one hand, participatory approach to land use planning can provide openings for the decentralized administration of land management and enhance legal protection of local land rights through contributing to formal recognition of existing land tenure systems. According to Chigbu et al, (2015) four functions of land use planning that directly links to tenure security. (1) Its capacity to identify or determine land areas, parcels and uses and users. (2) Its propensity to enable documentation of land areas, parcels, rights, restrictions and responsibilities. (3) The opportunities it provides for stakeholder involvement, compensation of claims and community participation. (4) Its impact on land value, land markets and credit opportunities. On the other hand, land use planning, promoting sustainable natural resource use and environmental management are generally part of the mandate of local governments. And these prerogatives often tend to be weakly developed, both legally and with respect to capacity building and methodology (Hilhorst 2010). Unclear property rights and tenure insecurity are the major constraints to the potential of successful land use planning. According to UN-Habitat (2008, p. 17), poor land use planning associated with insecurity of tenure and incompletely specified land rights leads to problems of air and water-borne pollution from agricultural and industrial land use. Though there is a
... the major attributes of good urban governance. Besides the adequacy and quality of water service and dry waste collection services will also be assessed in order to examine the people’s access to these basic services.