This annotated bibliography will be addressing issues that relate to Globalisation and Tourism. It will not be focusing solely on one issue, but rather multiple issues regarding less developed countries, prostitution, gender, homosexuality and anthropology; and the effect that globalisation has had on these concerns through tourism.
Burns, P. 1999. An Introduction to Tourism and Anthropology. London: Routledge.
In this text, Burns discusses the varying connections between anthropology and tourism as an outcome of globalisation as well as differentiating tourism as a system rather than a phenomenon. The author critiques the way that tourists have been defined and discussed in the academic world and discusses the motivations causing people to become tourists. His research focuses specifically on the relevance of culture as globalisation leads to the creation of a homogenous society. This text is useful to my research topic of globalisation and tourism, as Burns presents the fact that consumerism, globalisation and tourism are all concepts that are interconnected and suggests that due to their interdependence on one another, can lead to a culture losing its meaning thereby accompanied by a loss of feelings and social solidarity. However, one limitation of the text is that it was published in 1999, which means that many of its statistics and facts may be outdated, thus being irrelevant in 2014. Nevertheless, the text forms a significant starting point for my research and will allow me to have a focal point for contrast with more modern texts for the purpose of discovering the differing views as well as the transient effect of globalisation and tourism on culture.
Waitt, G and K, Markwell. 2006. Gay Tourism: Culture and Context. New ...
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... a complete perception of the theme; it would be necessary to read these other texts, which would hence aid my understanding of the topic. In my opinion, Mobilising Place: Placing Mobility, can be seen as a foundation for my research on the topic of globalisation and tourism, by focusing on place, however the reading of the rest of the series will be necessary to facilitate comprehensive knowledge.
Pritchard, A. 2007. Tourism and Gender: Embodiment, Sensuality and Experience. Wallingford, Cambridge: CAB International.
In this essay, Pritchard evaluates the question: “Why do issues of gender, sexuality and embodiment matter in tourism?”. In order to do this, Pritchard tells us that we have to consider the gendered world we live in as well as our own gendered collectives to fully comprehend the power dynamics and discourses which shape tourism theory and practice.
Urry, John, The tourist gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies 2nd Ed (London, 2002).
“Serving the Tourist Market: Female Labor in International Tourism. ”Feminism and Sexuality: A Reader.
Sex tourism includes men, women and children and can lead to human trafficking and sex slavery. Human rights organizations attribute sex tourism for promoting illicit sexual exploitation of non-consenting adults and children. I wish to concentrate on the women within the sex tourism of Pattaya. One of the issues is the question of who within the relationship of sex tourism has the power within the global political economy. Chambers identifies, that prostitution and modern tourism are closely integrated (2009:64).This union is supported by licit organizations and the substructure of mass tourism through media, the establishment of brothels and tours reinforce the sexual exploitation of women and their lack of power. Governments even support the existence of sex tourism on a macro-level. The tourist, of course, is an active supporter of sex tourism.
It is a commonly held view that mass tourism and the commodification of attractions are a threat to the ‘uniqueness’, ‘authenticity’, ‘natural state’ (Galla, 1994) or ‘scholarly credibility’ (Goulding, 2000) of ethnicities, heritage and culture (Wang, 1999). Many people fear that these valuable assets are sacrificed for the sake of entertainment, popularity, and profit (Goulding, 2000; Lancaster County Heritage, 2002) and hence agree that the ’original’ and ‘indigenous’ has to be protected from these ‘evils of late-capitalism’ (Taylor,
Arguments and academic literature have long discussed prostitution as global inequalities that have been generated by the international neoliberal market. The international sex market is underpinned by this international neoliberal market and commodified bodies that are arranged into both a gendered and racial hierarchies. Both men and women are exploited within this market where privileged, Western tourists can travel abroad to experience sexual or romantic encounters with prostitutes in foreign countries. These ‘foreign’ prostitutes are structurally at a disadvantage within these relationships with sex tourists or human traffickers. Literature discussing prostitution has more often than not challenged “whether prostitution is an example, or emblematic, of women’s oppression” and “whether it is a form of economic exploitation.” However, male prostitute has largely been absent from that discussion. Furthermore, global migration is increasingly becoming feminised through the production and consumption of the international sex market. Women are involved in the tourism industry through various service jobs from hotel staff to sex workers. There are many factors that have pushed women to be migratory in work, among them are poverty, barriers to employment in their home country, decreasing socio-economic conditions of certain countries, and gendered ideas over what types of work women can participate in. However, these factors are not experienced by women along, men in vulnerable positions are increasingly having similar experiences. Ultimately, the global sex market will continue to grow as both the production of sexual services through human trafficking and the consumption through sex tourism are both significantly increasing alongside the global tourism industry.
This sex tour is just one example of the direct links of tourism associated with sex work in Asia. While specifically analyzing the implications of tourism on prostitution/sex work supported by organizations such as the World Bank, which is profit seeking and economically focused, Thailand and the Philippines seem to be two very affected nations struggling with the issue. There is significant evidence, such as official documents, personal accounts, interviews, and scholarly work, which strongly indicates that the World Bank knowingly promoted tourism in Thailand and the Philippines in order to generate large economic profits. Mass tourism increases and further fuels the sex industry, which forces and degrades poor women into being objects to ensure their survival.
... in tourism and might lead to culture loss, yet it can also bring cultures together, create economical growth and most importantly the positive effects in can have on education and technology. Nevertheless, it is believed that globalization should continue to be promoted in the future while actions should be taken in order to solve the negative impacts of it as well.
In the contemporary global economy which can be categorized as dynamic and evolutionary in nature, one needs to be cognizant of change that is inevitable within the tourism industry. Due to the demands of the global customer the world can be viewed as being more so inter-connected, owing to this fact the traditional workplace has become more diverse. With diversity in mind the barriers to communication have become prevalent. Within the ambit of the essay such barriers to intercultural communication outlined by LaRay M. Barna shall be explored; anxiety, assuming similarity instead of difference, ethnocentricity, stereotypes and prejudice, nonverbal misinterpretations, language and modern technology will be further discussed. In going forward it is essential to define culture and communication.
This essay is the respond to the Local Council Member who has wrong idea about a common archetype of adventure tourist. This misconception based on ignorance of current tourism industry, could potentially be a dangerous for local economy and development. The local authority must be well informed about present conditions with the tourism market, before they will make a far reaching decisions about the development direction in this industry. Currently, there are many organisations whose monitoring an international tourism business and this knowledge supposed to be good use for our common good.
Nowadays in the rea of globalization, according to the World Tourism Organization, “seven hundred million people travelled abroad in 2003”, and the number is estimated to increase to 1.6 billion by 2020. (International Labour Organization, 2005). Tourism is spreading in unusual places. A lot of people want to be in the midst of adventure. It is a vital source of revenues for the GDP of many countries. I partially agree that tourism hugely benefits the local community. This essay will discuss some of the economic, social and environment effect of tourism on the host community.
While many forms of tourism dismiss important rules of anthropology, they both focus on the integration of one society into another’s.
Tourism and Hospitality has developed rapidly and becoming extremely important to economy in the world. The income that several countries in the world receive from tourism industry can be reached to $1billion per year. In addition, Marketing is one of the most important factors that help and effect to tourism industry in many positive ways. Marketing evolved in the tourism industry since 1980. It promotes tourism industry by encouraging the tourists to travel at their destination with the strategy that made up to the tourist satisfaction. However, a marketing strategy does not have to be complex, in fact it should be a easily understood which ensure the advantage of marketing of the products and services to the tourist business to obtain positive
12 Nov. 2013. Brooks, Sheer. “’A Squatter in My Own Country!’ Spatial Manifestations of Social Exclusion in a Jamaican Tourist Resort Town.” New Perspectives in Caribbean. Tourism.
Tourism is a typical activity of fashion that the public participate widely and it has grown in importance over recorded human history. Innumerable articles refer tourism as “the world’s largest industry”; policy-makers, analysts, and scholars often speak of the size of the tourism compared to that of other industries (Smith 2004: 26). These series of misleading statement, together with the mass media’s reports (out of context), make the idea that tourism is a single large industry branded into many people’s minds. However, in this essay I will demonstrate that it is a simplistic and misleading idea, which should be replaced by the plural term, “tourism industries”. Moreover, tourism is not the world’s largest industry, but largest service sector.
As I researched, this article stuck out to me because over the years cruise tourism has been the fastest growing category of leisure tourism. It is recognized as a successful and dynamic subsector of the global tourism industry, amongst the main cruise lines occupying the highest ranks of the tourism and leisure sector. Unfortunately, because of the coastline and marine surroundings, indigenous economies and on the sociocultural nature of port areas, cruise tourism has grown becoming a vast concern. This article on issues of cruise tourism discussed selective concerns about this particular industry through a responsible tourism lens.