1. Independent variable (pg. 39) – a type of variable that is controlled by the experimenter, and comes before the dependent variable. An example of an independent variable in a study would be the amount of time played by a college football player.
2. Dependent variable (pg. 39) – a type of variable that is influenced by the independent variable. An example of a dependent variable would be the amount of hits the football players takes compared to how much time they play.
3. Hypothesis (pg. 47) – a proposed statement of results made about a problem in a research study that is expected. An example of a hypothesis would be “If college football players play a full game of 60 minutes, then they are 70% more prone to concussions.”
4. Null hypothesis (pg. 49) – a type of hypothesis in which there is no relationship between the measured variables, and offers no support to the original hypothesis. An example of a null hypothesis would be that there was no relationship between time played and the number of concussions sustained by players who had high playing times.
5. Primary source (pg. 68) – the original document which was written firsthand and is directed to the readers. A researcher could find players who suffer from concussions and have them write down a journal on their physical and emotional feelings during a period of time while under concussion protocol to see how concussions affect different people. The journals the players write are the primary source of the research.
6. Participant (pg. 95) – a person who takes part of an experiment and is used for data collection. A participant for my research would be a student or NFL player who plays for various minutes and is subject to taking big hits.
7. Sample (pg. 95) – a mo...
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...ing, research is based off of two ends of a spectrum. For example, a researcher researching concussions could look at football players who are linebackers that play for the majority of the game and take a lot of hits, and compare them to punters or kickers who are only in the game for a few seconds and hardly come in contact with other players.
12. Sampling bias (pg. 112) – a sampling method can be called biased if the results of the research found favors the outcome the researcher is looking for. The researcher ultimately controls/influences whether the results are biased and potentially misleading. If a researcher thinks that football players are more susceptible to concussions, the researcher may only look at specific positions where the players take more hits to the head for their research which could affect the results looking at football players as a whole.
The reach question “do baseball teams with higher payroll win more?” will for testing purposes be turned into the verbal Hypothesis statement, baseball teams with larger payrolls don’t win anymore than teams with smaller payrolls. This leads to the numerical hypothesis statements regarding the null and alternative hypotheses.
The study is usually described as an experiment with the independent variable being, the condition the participants are ...
One way to deal with the problem of bias is to have multiple observers. If you are the only one consistently to observe some behavior, then, maybe you are adding it to the situation, or, maybe the others just cannot see it. However, now you and the other observers could look for it more closely. Another way to deal with bias is to record the situation on film or videotape. Then, it can be analyzed repeatedly. Still another way is to have naive observers. You train observers, but you do not tell them why they are observing. Then, those observers will be less likely to see the situation in the light of the hypothesis.
Injuries did occur and new rules were written in sports to try to improve safety but scientist still paid little attention to the occurrences until the 1900's (Harrison, Emily A. "The First Concussion Crisis: Head Injury and Evidence in Early American Football." American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, May 2014). The death of a student in 1906 from Harvard college sparked a new sense of reality to many players and doctors, many articles came out about the overwhelming death of the college student and studies were then in place, more for the people who questioned the sport and for the little curiosity of scientist. Concussions were not an important field of study in the beginning of brain research or Neuroscience. These head cases were something very unusual but yet not prevalent enough to go deeper into the main cause of the problem until 2002. A pathologist named Bennet Omalu presented the first real evidence of CTE present in an American Football player named Mike Webster. Webster died at 50 years of age but had looked much older, because he suffered from CTE. When Omalu looked at his brain he saw changes that were very unusual and should not be in his brain at his age. When Omalu wrote about his discovery, he was bashed by many NFL officials and scientist. Doctors assailed his research and retraction
Major organizations of contact sports continue to deny relations between concussions and long term damage done to their athletes. Do concussions have long term effects on athletes that play in contact sports? There is a claim now that the helmets worn in football will not prevent or deter a player from receiving a concussion. I plan to research what kind of long term injuries athletes can develop from concussions throughout the course of their sports careers. Can multiple concussions throughout the course of an athlete's career lead to problems with sleeping or permanent brain damage? I plan to use library databases to research the long term effects developed by professional athletes
...ethods of research, mainly used in sociology and literature. Hypothesis on the other hand can be classified under scientific research, mostly employed in mathematics and science (Hoskins, 1998). We can also identify the third difference based on the structure. Here, hypothesis statements are always displayed in form of statements while research questions are always displayed in form of questions.
But, more recently, physicians at professional levels are having higher thresholds for diagnosis of concussions (Izraelski, 2014, p.348). The higher threshold for diagnosis means that even if symptoms are present, even more are required to be taken out of a game. Player associations within professional hockey and football are growing in concussion litigation by ex-players and current players. Players that are retired are suffering the devastating effects of this process of conservative diagnosis (Park, 2015). Legally, their perspective is that the league has breached a duty of care and that the NFL was committing fraud (Kondro, 2012) by concealing risks of concussions. The concept of a duty to care is present with all contact sports that have players receiving the most concussions, particularly at the professional level where medical expertise is highly invested in athletes worth millions of dollars. Even in leagues where the players are not paid, such as the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) or minor leagues, the concussion recurrence is extremely high for the athletes participating (Delaney, J., Lamfookon, C., Bloom, G., Al-Kashmiri, A., & Correa, J., 2015, pg. 113). An NCAA concussion study looked at aspects of concussion in sport which highlighted why certain players either hide concussions or suffer recurrences, or why certain levels of sport have higher concussion rates (Delaney et al. 2003). However, academic research also shown more recently why athletes hide their symptoms or why at the professional level, athletes hide symptoms from medical staff. Another research study from McGill University (Guskiewicz et al. 2003 p.116) has stated that athletes hide injuries because of the perceived negative impacts of sitting out for an
An example of a null hypothesis for the variables used in this data collection would be, “Does GPA predicts final exam scores? An alternative hypothesis would be that GPA scores do determine the exam scores.
1. Hypothesis - A hypothesis is defined by the Criminal Justice Today textbook as "An explanation that accounts for a set of facts and that can be tested by further investigation. Also, something that is taken to be true for the purpose of argument or investigation" (Schmalleger 73). It is, essentially, a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. In terms of law and criminal justice, The Law Dictionary website defines the term as "A supposition, assumption, or theory; a theory set up by the prosecution, on a criminal trial, or by the defense, as an explanation of the facts in evidence, and a ground for inferring guilt or innocence, as the case may be, or asindicating
Bachman, R and Schutt, R. (2012) state, “ a hypothesis is an idea or a claim linking or establishing a relationship between two variables.” Specifically, a hypothesis may not be definite or true until proven to be factual by research, experiments and evidence. An independent variable leads a researcher to find meaningful, truthful and extensive observational data that concludes that the independent variable affected or caused a change to the dependent variable.
48): A research hypothesis is a researcher’s prediction of the expected results of a study. Research hypotheses can be directional, in which the researcher states the exact “nature of the expected difference or relationship” between factors, or nondirectional, in which the researcher states that there will be some type of relationship between factors, but is not yet sure what that relationship will be. (McMillan, 2012, p. 48)
Identifying the Independent Variable- The independent(manipulated) variable was the material used to insulate the cup.(Aluminum foil, felt, and wax paper)
Quantitative research is the oldest form of research; it is incredibly formal, stemming from positivism paradigm, or the outside looking in approach. The method is about trying to establish cause and affect relationships between variables. This method can be considered non biased as the researcher isn’t us...
Independent variables: The temperature of hcl gas will be decreased and increased throughout the experiment.
Testing a hypothesis is a vital part of research this will enable the parties involved to identify if the thought or prediction is actually a valuable theory. In nature a hypothesis is a theory or prediction to some individuals involving the connection between a number of different variables. Studies are necessary to proof the validity of the theory or prediction made.