Jennifer Mauro & Henna Assifi
Mrs. Panah
Anatomy
17 October 2017
Endocrine System There are many organ systems involved in allowing the human body to function properly. A very important one is the endocrine system, which is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream. These hormones are a chemical communication system that transfers information between cells that regulate different functions of the body. These functions include metabolism, growth, and sexual development and function. Glands of the endocrine system are spread out in different parts of the body. The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland are found in the brain. The thyroid and parathyroid glands are found in the neck. On top of the kidneys
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There are two pairs of parathyroid glands, one on each side of the thyroid. Hormones secreted from these glands regulate calcium levels in blood and bone metabolism. The thyroid gland is located in the lower, front part of the neck. Thyroid hormones also regulate metabolism, as well as bone growth and development in children. Additionally, they maintain normal blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, muscle tone, and reproductive glands. The release of these hormones are controlled by pituitary glands. The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys. There are two parts: adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex, the outermost layer, releases hormones that are necessary to live. Examples of these hormones are cortisol and aldosterone. The adrenal medulla, the inner layer, releases nonessential hormones such as adrenaline. The pancreas is located behind the stomach, in back of the abdomen. Functions of the pancreas include maintaining blood sugar and digestion. Hormones released are insulin and glucagon, which control blood sugar levels. The pancreas is part of the digestive system, as well as the endocrine …show more content…
It is a hypofunctional disease, because not enough of a certain gland is produced. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas is producing little to no insulin, and the amount of glucose circulating in the bloodstream is too high. Treatments for type 1 diabetes include taking insulin, carbohydrate, fat and protein counting, frequent blood sugar monitoring, eating healthy foods, exercising regularly, and maintaining a healthy weight. In type 2 diabetes, the body doesn’t respond to insulin, causing an excessive amount of glucose to circulate in the blood. Treatments for type 2 diabetes include eating healthy, exercising regularly, and monitoring
Diabetes is a disease that causes an abnormally high level of sugar, or glucose, to build up in the blood. Glucose comes from food we consume and also from our liver and muscles. Blood delivers glucose to all the cells in the body. In people without diabetes, the pancreas makes a chemical called insulin which is released into the blood stream. Insulin helps the glucose from the food get into cells. When the pancreas doesn’t make insulin, it can’t get into the cells and the insulin stays in the blood stream. The blood glucose level gets very high, causing the person to have type one diabetes.
The physiological activity of different hormones depends on its concentration within the circulatory system. The effects of too high or too low a concentration can be damaging and this level must be controlled. The endocrine system relies on negative and positive feedback systems to regulate hormone production and secretion.
The pancreas is an elongated and flattened gland located within the abdomen. Not only is it a vital part of the digestive system, but it is also a key controller of blood sugar levels. (The Pancreas). The pancreas has been divided into four regions which are the head, neck, body, and tail. Being the widest part of the pancreas, the head is twenty-three millimeters. The part of the head that hooks towards the back of the abdomen is the uncinate (Chronic Pancreatitis Imaging). Between the head and body of the pancreas is the neck, which is about nineteen millimeters. The body of the pancreas is twenty millimeters, between the neck and the tail. The tail is the smallest part of the pancreas, measuring at only fifteen millimeters. (Parts of the Pancreas). The length of the pancreas in total ranges from four point seven to seven point one inches. The pancreas also weighs from seventy to one-hundred grams (How does the Pancreas Work?).
Hypothyroidism is a chronic disease that is part of the endocrine system. Hypothyroidism is due low or lack of tri-iodothryonine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) thyroid hormones being produced by the thyroid gland. The lack of thyroid hormones could be due to iodine or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) deficiency or underactive thyroid gland (Sherwood, 2012). Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are involved in almost every part of the body. It is ten times more prevalent in female than male, which affects about 4.6% of U.S population (Lellis-Santos et al, 2011). In the most cases, the symptoms are cold intolerance, fatigue, bradycardia and weight gain. Depending on the cause on hypothyroidism, a goiter may develop, which is the enlargement of the thyroid gland. In most cases taking thyroid hormone supplement is an effective treatment.
Diabetes is a disease in which a person’s body in unable to make or utilize insulin properly which affects blood sugar levels. Insulin is a hormone that is produced in the pancreas, which helps to regulate glucose (sugar) levels, break down carbohydrates and fats, and is essential to produce the body’s energy. The CDC (2013) offers reliable insight, summarized here, into the different types of diabetes, some causes, and health complications that may arise from the disease.
Homeostasis involves the whole body, but certain organs have larger roles in maintaining the balance. The liver and pancreas maintain suitable glucose levels in the blood, with kidneys removing metabolic waste products and maintaining suitable salt and water levels within the blood. The skin and liver help maintain body temperature with lungs controlling oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood and the blood itself transporting the nutrients and waste products around the body.
Adrenal Glands Identification and description of organs which make up the endocrine system. The human body comprises of organ systems which distinct but work together as a coordinated single unit (Marieb & Hoehn 1-35). This paper will single out the endocrine system because discussing the organ system in its entirety is beyond the scope of this assignment. The adrenaline glands form part and parcel of the endocrine system, thus, the relevance of the topic. The endocrine glands comprise glands which secrete hormones which help to modulate the functions of the cells and/or organs.
The thyroid gland plays a major role in the endocrine, thyroxine, triiodothyronine and metabolism system. The gland can be found in the front of the neck and above where the collar bones meet. The thyroid gland controls the body by releasing T4 and T3 hormones. Controlling metabolism plays an important role when regulating mood, weight,
The thyroid gland is found in the front of the neck and produces two main hormones. The hormones are called thuroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3). Together these hormones regulate the body’s metabolism by increasing energy use in cells, regulate growth and development, help to maintain body temperature and aid in oxygen consumption. These two hormones are regulated by hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The hypothalamus senses changes in body’s metabolic rate and releases a hormone known as thyropin-releasing hormone (TRH). This hormone then flows through connecting vessels to the pituitary gland which signals it to release another hormone. This hormone is known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH then makes its way to the bloodstream until it reaches the thyroid where it is then signaled to activate T3 and T4 production [1]. This mechanism is controlled by a negative feedback loop meaning that when there is a sufficient amount of thyroid hormones in the blood stream, this will signal back to stop production of thyroid stimulating hormones. Complications occur when the thyroid hormones keep increasing even though there is already a sufficient amount of T3 and T4 in the blood stream. This process of over expression of thryroid hormones is known as hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is a general term that includes any disease that has a consequence of an overabundance of thyroid hormones. Hyperthyroidism is a general term but there are many variant diseases that are in the hyperthyroidism category. These diseases include diffuse toxic goiter, Basedow’s disease, thyrotoxicosis, Parry’s and Graves’ disease.
The pituitary gland sits at the base of the skull and controls much of our endocrine secretions through a tightly controlled negative feedback system (Norris, 2007). Normally, growth hormone (GH) secretions act to cause bone and muscle growth (Norris, 2007). As we age there is a decline in the amount of GH our bodies produce and use mostly due to the closure of epiphyseal plates which marks the end of vertical growth (Norris, 2007). GH is also important for muscle cells to be able to take up glucose during normal metabolic processes (Norris, 2007). Insulin plays an important role in this pathway and we often see disruptions in both pathways with acromegaly (Katznelson, 2011).
Diabetes is a disease that I came across when researching my maternal side of my family history. Diabetes is a disease that affects your pancreas an important organ in regulating blood sugar. When a person has diabetes there are two ways it can affect the pancreas because there are two types of the disease. Type-1 diabetes affects the pancreas by not allowing the body to produce enough insulin to keep the body’s blood sugar at a healthy number. The opposite is for Type-2 which produces too much insulin and gives the body too much insulin keeping the blood sugar number above healthy (Type-2).
The thyroid gland is part of the endocrine system, and it is controlled by the pituitary which is known as the “master gland” of the endocrine system. The pituitary controls the thyroid by producing Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) which stimulates the production of thyroid hormones. . The thyroid gland secretes two main hormones: Thyroxine (T4) and Tri-Iodothyronine (T3). These hormones increase metabolic rate, heat production, oxygen consumption, appetite, growth hormone secretion, alertness and quicker reflexes. The thyroid gland is located in the anterior portion of the neck, beneath the Adam’s apple. It is divided in two lobes on either side of the windpipe: right lobe and left lobe. These lobes create what looks like a butterfly shape. The gland is essential to the contribution of maintaining the homeostasis of the body. It plays a role in monitoring the body’s expenditure of energy and running the body’s metabolism.
each target organ activity or secretion on the thyroid, adrenal, or gonads glands, which also
The pancreas is one of the essential organs in the human body and belongs in the Digestive system. Out of all the internal organs, the pancreas is unique because the pancreas plays a role in both the endocrine gland and the exocrine gland. This means that the pancreas is a dual function gland in which is the reason why the pancreas is such a vital part of the digestive system. This research paper will talk about the anatomy, physiology, and the important functions the pancreas play to maintain homeostasis.
...culatory system. Pituitary gland is a growth hormone that helps in mertabolism and develops reproductive organs. The thyroid controls metabolsim on the rate that the body breaks down food. Adrenal gland secretes many hormones including adrenaline which prepares the body to react in a stressful situation. The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and insulin. Ovaries produce ova and estrogen. Testes produce sperm cells and testosterone. To stay healthy you should get a regular medical check-up, eat a well-balanced diet, sleep at least 8 hours, and decrease stress in your life. Some problems are growth disorders, diabetes, and obesity. Puberty begins at different times for girls then boys. Girls start around ages 9-13 and boys are ages 10-15.