An Asian Nuclear Cooperation Regime
I. Introduction
Nuclear cooperation regimes have long been considered as confidence-building measures designed to reduce tensions arising from the uncertainty of nations’ nuclear energy programs. The first such regime was EURATOM, which emerged in Europe as a separate system of safeguards and transparency measures for European states. This regime was consistent with the goal of the political unification of the European Economic Community, and might not have functioned as effectively had it not been tied to that political effort. Currently a discussion of an Asian nuclear cooperation regime is underway, initiated by Japanese officials and intellectuals, which may borrow substantially from the European experience in nuclear cooperation. These officials have proposed the creation of an ASIATOM, which would include Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea, and possibly Taiwan. Others have expanded the regime’s potential membership to the U.S., Canada, and Australia, and labeled the potential group PACATOM. There have been several proposals for such a nuclear cooperation regime, and they vary according to the activities encompassed and the degree of cooperation involved.
The central point of controversy over ASIATOM proposals has been the issue of reprocessing. Japan has currently invested substantial amounts of its resources into the development of civil reprocessing capability, and China may be prepared to do the same. The United States would be unlikely to violate its Carter Administration policy of discouraging reprocessing outside the U.S., and would be unlikely to support or join an ASIATOM that involved reprocessing. One anonymous U.S. State Department official stated, "’Clearly, if an Asiatom proposal is about reprocessing, it’s not going to fly…And if it excludes the U.S., it’s not going to fly,’ the official said, adding: ‘Japan does not want to go it alone.’"1 The reprocessing issue is also the central reason for the general support for the idea of an ASIATOM in Japan. Japan’s civilian reprocessing proposals, with plans to move to fast-breeder reactors, has made some states in the Asia-Pacific region wary of their intentions. After all, reprocessing of spent fuel involves the separation of plutonium, and even reactor-grade plutonium (involving greater concentrations of Pu-240 and Pu-242) is suitable for weapons production in sufficient quantities. Japan’s reprocessing program has caused other states in the region to begin to raise the issue of developing their own reprocessing capabilities. From the U.S. perspective, the spread of reprocessing capability is damaging to regional security interests because of the possibility of the use of reprocessing for either deliberate national-level nuclear weapons production or the possibility of the theft of separated fissile material.
Montana 1948 is about the loss of innocence and the painful gain of wisdom. Discuss.
According to the title, her life is a “pathedy,” a pathetic tragedy. One way that Kay indicates the
...he night before. While he thought things were not all good, we know from the noise that nothing wrong has happened. The morning that Frank dies, the light is ‘overcast, dim, so there was no sunlight flooding my room’ (p 154), all foreboding that Frank’s death will cover the truth. Wesley tells David that everybody pays for their crimes but ‘that doesn’t mean the sun’s going to shine’ (p156), indicating that justice is not always served. In ‘Montana 1948’, the author uses motifs to convey his ideas of truth and injustice and pushes the reader to consider the suffering of the Indians. The motifs intensify these themes and create an atmosphere to encourage the reader to accept the idea that Bentrock is unfair and unjust.
International Panel on Fissile Materials. 2010. Reducing and Eliminating Nuclear Weapons: Country Perspectives on the Challenges to Nuclear Disarmament.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a severe and common virus that has infected ‘more than two billion people alive today at some point in their life.’1 It is a hepadanavirus that interferes with the liver functions as it replicates in the hepatocytes (liver cells) and induces a immune response that is responsible for the inflammation of liver.2 Viruses are not motile, which means that HBV is also sessile and does not form spores. The spherical virion, is called a Dane Particle3 that is 42nm in diameter binds to the surface of hepatocyte.1 The virion itself contains an inner protein core, 27nm thick filled with circular partially double stranded DNA, DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase.1 It is an enveloped virus, so it also holds an outer lipoprotein envelope4 that is 7nm thick and is comprised of many embedded surface proteins such as surface antigen for viral binding and entry.1 HBV has an average incubation period of three months, which means that it does not start showing symptoms for the first three months that the person is infected and that person can unknowingly infect others.2 ...
Sisterhood does not only bring women together, it also helps make women stronger individuals in a patriarchal society. For instance, The Women of Brewster Place is an African American novel by Gloria Naylor that takes place in 1982 in Brewster Place. This novel contains several stories which focus on the lives of each of the seven women that live there. These women come to Brewster Place to find comfort. Eventually, the women build bonds that help them deal with the negativity of the society that they live in. In addition, The Color Purple by Alice Walker is an epistolary novel that takes place in rural Georgia during the 1980’s. Celie, who is the protagonist in The Color Purple, is a poor and uneducated fourteen year old African American girl. She is constantly physically and mentally abused by the men in her life. She forms strong friendships with women whom she idolizes and women who stand up to the social norms of society. In the end she gains confidence and becomes a stronger individual. The women in the novels The Color Purple and The Women of Brewster Place have shown that the only way to survive in a patriarchal society is through sisterhood.
The Korean peninsula has gradually been attracting international attention because of North Korea’s refusal of access for International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspection of its nuclear facilities. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was signed on July 1, 1968 by USA, USSR and UK. Subsequently, the NPT was opened for signature by other countries and enacted on March 5, 1970. Till date, except India, Pakistan and Israel, all the other 189 member-countries of the UN have signed it. However, North Korea withdrew from the treaty on April 10, 2003. (Jayaprakash) After the collapse of USSR, independent post-Soviet countries started to abandon their nuclear weapon capabilities and decided to cooperate with the international nuclear disarma...
The Cold War is famous not only for its long engagement between the two super powers, the U.S. and the Soviet Union, but also because of the heightened physical tension that nuclear power brought to the global stage. Winning the war at the cost of human annihilation was not abnormal political conversation, and from the 1940s onward, fear of global destruction became a daily concern (Granieri, 2011). The circumstances of the Cold War made it different than previous international conflicts because it was the first conflict that could potentially lead to massive, worldwide destruction. Without the dangers of nuclear power, the Cold War wouldn't have differed much from previous historical conflicts between powerful states.
Ferguson, Margaret W., Salter, Mary J., and Stallworthy, Jon. The Norton Anthology of Poetry. fifth ed. N.p.: W.W. Norton, 2005. 2120-2121. 2 Print.
Ernest Hemingway was a great American author whom started his career humbly in a newspaper office in Kansas City at the ripe, young age of seventeen. Once the United States joined World War One, Hemingway deemed it fit to join a volunteer ambulance service. During this time Hemingway was wounded, and decorated by the Italian Government for his noble deeds. Once he completely recovered, he made his way back to the United States. Upon his arrival he became a reporter for the American and Canadian newspapers and was sent abroad to cover significant events. For example, he was sent to Europe to cover the Greek revolution. During his early adulthood, Hemingway became a member of the group of expatriate Americans in Paris. This is known as the time in his life in which he describes in two of his novels; A Farewell to Arms and The Sun Also Rises the latter of the two being his first work. Hemingway was able to use his experiences of serving in the front during the war and his experience of being with other expatriates after the war to shape both of these novels. He was able to successful write these novels due to his past experience with working for newspapers. His experience with the newspaper seemed to be far more beneficial than just supplying him with an income, with the reporting experience under his belt he also was able to construct another novel that allowed him to sufficiently describe his experiences reporting during the Civil War; For Whom the Bell Tolls. Arguably his most tremendous short novel was a about an old fisherman’s journey and the long, lonely struggle with a fish and the sea with his victory being in defeat.
Epstein-Barr virus, which is also known as Human herpes virus (HHV-4), is an important virus because it infects a large portion of humans. (Odumade, 2011). Although most people become infected with the Epstein-Barr throughout some time in their life, it is often asymptomatic because it can exist in its latent phase. When people do show symptoms it is often due to infectious mononucleosis which is the disease that the Epstein- Barr virus can cause. The Epstein–Barr virus is named after Michael Anthony Epstein, a microbiologist at the University of Bristol, and Yvonne Barr a graduate from the University of London. Together they discovered and documented the virus (Wikipedia, 2014).
Since the end of the Korean War, the United States has enacted policies to isolate and undermine the Kim Dynasty in North Korea. A key development took place in the past several decades where North Korea broke away from the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) to develop their own nuclear weapons and while lacking launch capabilities, they have been successful in their development. During this process, the United States took active policies to deter the North Koreans in pursuit of their goals. It is easy to assume that the United States took this stance in order to maintain a military edge in the region. But under closer examination, this neo-realist perspective does not explain why the United States pursued this policy. In reality, North Korea to this day does not pose a significant military threat, even with limited nuclear capabilities. A constructivist perspective is more able to explain US policy in this instance because it does not focus on sheer militaristic power. It takes into consideration the state's identities which drives their interests. The identities of the US and North Korea and the interactions between them drove both nations to the point of acquiring and deterring nuclear use.
Infectious mononucleosis (colloquially known as mono) is frequently called the kissing disease. The virus that causes mono is called Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is one of the multiple human herpes viruses that are carried asymptomatically by most people. Primary infection is particularly usual in childhood and establishes a lifelong carrier state where the virus remains latent. The EBV replicates frequently in the oropharyngeal epithelial cells and circulating B-lymphocytes, since they are the principal targets of the virus.
The Color Purple depicts the struggle within the life of the female protagonist, Celie. Celie, a clear victim of abuse, narrates the story through a collection of writings that starts with her confession of “Dear God.” Celie’s story encompasses around her life and the characters that breaks the common gender depiction. The story heavily addresses the subject of social and behavioral standards for either men and women. It raises an issues on traditional marital subjects, family patriarchy, and social topics. In a traditional take of the family structure, the man often exhibits the dominant male figure head with the final say. The father provides the money and security for the wife and children as well as claim authority over the family. He becomes very work oriented and cares for the children only in times of need. On the other hand, the woman acts to be passive and pleases her husband. She plays a major role in raising and educating the children in every way possible. Often times, the woman takes a small part in maintaining a profession; although, she holds responsibility for all house work. The societal perspective of the patriarchal family system relies so heavily on gender roles that it becomes an expectation and the regulated norm. The Color Purple disrupts this gender norm by introducing characters that faces marital issues due to being the opposite of the typical gender role. Because they embody the opposite gender’s likely attributes, it becomes a questioning issue that leads to striving to live up to social norms or dealing with society disapproval. Within the progression of the novel, the women possess a sense of empowerment while as the men accept how things are in the world. The introducti...
Bergman, David, and Daniel Mark Epstein. The Heath Guide to Poetry. Lexington: D.C. Heath and Company, 1983. Print.