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Time is said to bring forth change, but sometimes time needs a small nudge in the right direction for that change to be morally and ethically correct. . Time has had many forceful pushes in the wrong direction, an example of that is slavery. Though out the histories of many countries there is slave labor found in some form. In Spanish history, you can find slaves working in Caribbean sugar plantations. In African history you might find tribes that sold some of their own members to slave traders. The United States’ history with slaves has established a root into the United States’ present. In today’s society, slavery is not legal in the United States, but it has developed an offspring that has the name of racism. Racism has partnered up with affirmative action, and together they are seeking to undermine the livelihood of minorities. Affirmative action is defined as “a way of making amends for, or eradicating, discrimination based on race ethnicity, and gender.” (Vaughn, 2010, p. 451).
Naturally all humans have rights, and when these rights are disregarded it is considered to be breaking the natural law. The Natural law theory is defined as “the morally right action is the one that follows the dictates of nature, ” by our book (Vaughn, 2010, p. 69). Before humans started thinking about racial superiority, there were just equal beings. This needs to be implemented into the world’s society once more. But in order to fully evaluate this issue I would have to use Kant’s theory “…the morally right action is the one done in accordance with the categorical imperative.”(Vaughn, 2010, p. 68). What is right is not always what we want to do, but it should be done.
On October 15th, 2013, a court case under the name of, Schuette v. Coalition ...
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...og.com/case-files/cases/schuette-v-coalition-to-defend-affirmative- action/
Reyes, R. A. (2014, April 29). Sonia Sotomayor's dissent on affirmative action will bear test of time. Fox News Latino. Retrieved April 29, 2014, from http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/opinion/2014/04/29/opinion-sonia-sotomayor-dissent-on-affirmative-action-will-bear-test-time/
Plous, S. (1997). Ten myths about affirmative action. In L. Vaughn, Doing ethics: moral reasoning and contemporary issues. (3rd ed.). (pp. 479- 482). New York, NY: W. W Norton & Company, Inc.
Pojman, L. P. (1998). The case against affirmative action. . In L. Vaughn, Doing ethics: moral reasoning and contemporary issues. (3rd ed.). (pp. 467- 479). New York, NY: W. W Norton & Company, Inc.
Vaughn, L. (2010). Doing ethics: moral reasoning and contemporary issues. (3rd ed.). New York, NY: W. W Norton & Company, Inc.
After long years of suffering, degradation, and different sorts of discrimination which the disadvantaged group of people had experienced, the “Affirmative Action Law” was finally passed and enforced for the very first time on September 24, 1965. The central purpose of the Affirmative Action Law is to combat racial inequality and to give equal civil rights for each citizen of the United States, most especially for the minorities. However, what does true equality mean? Is opportunity for everyone? In an article entitled, “None of this is fair”, the author, Mr. Richard Rodriguez explains how his ethnicity did not become a hindrance but instead, the law became beneficial. However, Mr. Richard Rodriguez realized the unfairness of the “Affirmative Action” to people who are more deserving of all the opportunities that were being offered to him. Through Mr. Rodriguez’s article, it will demonstrates to the reader both favorable, and adverse reaction of the people to the Affirmative Action, that even though the program was created with the intention to provide equality for each and every citizen, not everyone will be pleased, contented, and benefit from the law.
majority, does not advance the cause of minorities in a meaningful way, and needs to be
Affirmative action, the act of giving preference to an individual for hiring or academic admission based on the race and/or gender of the individual has remained a controversial issue since its inception decades ago. Realizing its past mistake of discriminating against African Americans, women, and other minority groups; the state has legalized and demanded institutions to practice what many has now consider as reverse discrimination. “Victims” of reverse discrimination in college admissions have commonly complained that they were unfairly rejected admission due to their race. They claimed that because colleges wanted to promote diversity, the colleges will often prefer to accept applicants of another race who had significantly lower test scores and merit than the “victims”. In “Discrimination and Disidentification: The Fair-Start Defense of Affirmative Action”, Kenneth Himma responded to these criticisms by proposing to limit affirmative action to actions that negate unfair competitive advantages of white males established by institutions (Himma 277 L. Col.). Himma’s views were quickly challenged by his peers as Lisa Newton stated in “A Fair Defense of a False Start: A Reply to Kenneth Himma” that among other rationales, the Fair-Start Defense based on race and gender is a faulty justification for affirmative action (Newton 146 L. Col.). This paper will also argue that the Fair-Start Defense based on race and gender is a faulty justification for affirmative action because it cannot be fairly applied in the United States of America today. However, affirmative action should still be allowed and reserved for individuals whom the state unfairly discriminates today.
To sum everything up, we as a human race are not perfect, nor will we ever make solutions that will satisfy both side of arguments. One lesson we can learn from this research paper, however, is that everyone should have the ability to fully enjoy their Equal Protection Clause under the Fourteenth Amendments. Nonetheless, the development of reverse discrimination, the creation of stigma against women and minorities, the buildup of racial tension, and the fact of attempting to solve a racial problem that no longer exist all contributed to the danger of affirmative action. It may be created with good intentions, but certainly not applicable to our society now if all of us wish to be treated equal.
Charles, Camille Z., et al. "Affirmative-Action Programs for Minority Students: Right in Theory, Wrong in Practice." The Chronicle of Higher Education 55.29 (2009). Academic OneFile. Web. 9 Aug. 2011.
In his essay called "Affirmative Action Encourages Racism", Thaddeus Watulak argues that affirmative action is a racist policy, which relies on racial stereotypes and reinforces racist attitudes in the society. I mostly agree with him because I believe he touches some very important points, which are not taken to account in the first place.
Shafer-Landau, R. (2013) Ethical Theory: An Anthology (Second Edition). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rosenberg, Debra. “Michigan’s Day in Court.” Newsweek. 14 Apr, 2003. MSNBC Online. 20 Apr, 2003
Subconscious prejudices, self-segregation, political correctness, reverse discrimination, and ignorance all wade in the pool of opinions surrounding affirmative action and racial animosity. With racial tensions ever present in this country, one might question whether the problems can be solved by affirmative action.
Pojman, Louis P. "The Case Against Affirmative Action." Csus.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2014.
Holzer, H., & Neumark, D. (2000). What Does Affirmative Action Do?. Cornell University. Retrieved February 25, 2014, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2696075?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=affirmative&searchText=action&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Daffirmative%2Baction%26amp%3Bprq%3Daffirmative%2Baction%26amp%3Bhp%3D25%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bso%3Drel%26amp%3Bracc%3Doff
Muller, Sarah. "Record-low support for affirmative action, poll says." MSNBC. MSNBC, 12 June 2013. Web. 11 Nov. 2013.
Jossey-Bass. Tanabe, C. (2009). From the courtroom to the voting booth: Defending affirmative action in higher education. Philosophy of Education Yearbook, 291–300.
Barry, Vincent, Olen, Jeffrey, & Van Camp, Julie C. Applying Ethics: A Text with Readings, Tenth Edition. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2011.
Nacoste, Rupert W. (1987) Affirmative Action in American Politics: Strength or Weakness? Political Behavior, Vol. 9, No. 4, 291-304.