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Discuss various Classical theories of Ethics
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When addressing the Trolley Driver and Transplant cases, philosophers and people alike tend to run into a moral problem. In both cases, the doctor and the trolley driver have to choose between intervening with the problem in which they are facing, which in both cases will save five people, or letting the problem run its course, which will save only one person’s life. The common problem philosophers face with these two cases is that the majority of people believe it is morally permissible to intervene in the Trolley Driver case, but morally impermissible to intervene in the Transplant case. How could this possibly make sense if the two cases are structured the same? Shouldn’t a person always want to save as many lives as they can or is that case dependent? The Trolley Driver
In the Trolley Driver and Transplant case, the choices the doctor and the trolley driver have to make may seem very similar, but what differentiates the two cases is the amount of time both have to make their decision. In the Trolley Driver case, the trolley driver must make a very snap decision on who to kill and who to save. He has no time to think of the logistics of the situation such as the ones presented in class like he should not intervene because technically he would be murdering the one person if he turns onto the other track, instead of just letting five die which is believed to be significantly less worse than killing. Also, more people would probably forgive his killings because they would understand the intense situation he was put into with little to no time to make a perfect decision. His morality would not have to be questioned as well because he did not have time to think enough for his morals to play into his decision. It also can be doubted that he actually wanted to kill someone since the choice was presented so abruptly, unlike in the Transplant
Diane called all of her friends to say goodbye, including Dr. Quinn, and took her life two days after they met. This is a fascinating case because it presents the distinction between a patient’s right to refuse treatment and a physician’s assistance with suicide. Legally, Diane possessed the right to refuse treatment, but she would have faced a debilitating, painful death, so the issue of treatment would be a moot point. It would be moot in the sense that Diane seemed to refuse treatment because the odds were low, even if she survived she would spend significant periods of time in the hospital and in pain, and if she didn’t survive she would spend her last days in the hospital. If Diane were to merely refuse treatment and nothing else (as the law prescribes) than she would not have been able to avoid the death which she so dearly wanted to avoid.
John Q. Archibald (care ethicists) is an ordinary man who works at a factory and takes care of his family. His wife Denise and young son Michael are his world. But when Michael falls seriously ill and needs an emergency heart transplant operation that cost $250,000. John can’t afford the money, but vows to take the initiative to do anything in coming up with money by selling all his personal belonging. John and Denise (wife) then goes to numerous health clinics to receive aid, but were denied because John was over qualified. As result of John not receiving any medical insurance John goes to his boss and ask for the complete insurance coverage, but was also denied because John’s boss cut John’s hours to part-time. John was devastated; he was devastated because his boss cut his hours and didn’t even let him know. As a result of John not coming up with the complete amount of the transplant the doctors will not perform the surgery. John can’t believe that his son ( Michael who John has a proper relation to the cosmos and the greater scheme of the web of life by John already living his life and wanting his son to fulfill his life. John doesn’t care about anything else other than his son fulfilling his life.) is about to die and the doctors are not taking in consideration that John has some of the money, but not all and they still can’t perform the transplant. John says, “All his life, he has tried to do the right thing.” John feels the doctors don’t treat the people as they deserve. He feels they can do a better job in letting the community know about the different health plans, they can let the public know that HMO (medical coverage) is suited to pay there doctors not to test, because it would bring the cost down. As a result of there doctors not testing; the HMO give the doctors a big bonus at the end of the year. All John would have liked was for his boss and the people at the hospital to explain the different medical care services they ha...
The case that was presented, a doctor who took the organs without permission from a dying patient in order to save three people, is a very intriguing case. It really questions a person’s morals. Was the doctor right in taking the dying patients organs in order to save three people, which would be using the Utilitarianism view, or is the Kantian Deontology view right? I will argue that the Kantian Deontology view on morals is much better in this case.
If we applied this moral principle of Peter Singer’s to the train dilemma we could look at it from a different view. Pulling the rail switch lever and saving five lives would be preventing something bad from happening. However, in doing so, we would be intentionally killing the lone worker on the tracks, which would be sacrificing something (someone) of equal moral importance, an innocent life. How do we determine equal moral importance? Are five lives more important than one, just because there is a greater number of lives? Are all lives equal and the decision to pull or not pull the rail switch lever needs additional factors to decide? I know some would say that five lives are not equal to one life, that they are actually more
The ‘Trolley Car Problem’ has sparked heated debates amongst numerous philosophical and jurisprudential minds for centuries. The ‘Trolley Car’ debate challenges one’s pre-conceived conceptions about morals, ethics and the intertwined relationship between law and morality. Many jurisprudential thinkers have thoroughly engaged with this debate and have consequentially put forward various ideologies in an attempt to answer the aforementioned problem. The purpose of this paper is to substantiate why the act of saving the young, innocent girl and resultantly killing the five prisoners is morally permissible. In justifying this choice, this paper will, first, broadly delve into the doctrine of utilitarianism, and more specifically focus on a branch
Opposing ethical principles would program the vehicle in different ways. Immanuel Kant piloted the nonconsequentialist ethical view of morals. If Kant programmed the car, he would not change the car’s intended path to save multiple people because doing so would use other humans as means to an end. Kantian Ethics are based off of categorical imperatives. Put simply, “an action is right only if the agent would be willing to be so treated if the position of the parties were reversed” (Eby 1). Swerving to hit another person would be deciding that person’s fate, without consent, in order to save the larger group. This is not ethically justified by Kantian standards. Therefore, if the car was intended to veer towards the large group, it should continue on that trajectory. Additionally, there is still the possibility of the ten people moving out of the way in time or the breaks of the car could react fast enough to prevent an accident. Why should the car take the life of a bystander given those possibilities? A proponent of Kantian Ethics would advise the car to continue on its path but would enable the breaks.
In this assignment we are to determine the moral difference between Deontological moral theory and Utilitarianism with regard to the changing of lives on a chance twist of fate with the brakes blowing out of the Trolley excursion. To turn or not to turn that is the question. Weather it is nobler of the heart and mind to follow the path of one and not the other remains a personal choice.
The case under study is of the surgeon who has to decide killing of a normal, but unjust person for the sake of saving five sick people. An act utilitarian in this case would be considering every probable consequences of sacrificing the sixth normal patient while on the other hand, a rule utilitarian will possibly look for the consequences associated with performing such an operation every time a situation like thos would arise. One of the potential rules would claim that: whenever any surgeon can kill one healthy person for the basic purpose of transplanting his organs to save more than one person who actually needs them, then he can surely do it.
I am very interested in the topic of Organ transplantation. I am interested in biology and the process of surgeries. What intrigues me is the process of saving someone’s life in such a dramatic and complicated process. My dad happens to be a doctor and in his training he cut open a human body to see for himself the autonomy of the body. So being interested in the field of medicine is in my blood. Modern technology helps many people and saves people around the globe. However even with modern technologies that progress mankind, bio medical and ethical dilemmas emerge. And ultimately life falls into the hands of the rabbis, lawmakers and philosophical thinkers.
Mill’s utilitarianism, it is evident that absolute morality is necessary to understand Dr. Kevorkian’s actions. Utilitarianism would argue that terminally ill patients would inevitably die and in accordance to the Hippocratic Code, the patients’ welfare and financial state must be taken into consideration by the physician.(Cahn 575) They would argue using the Greatest Happiness Principle where morality is measured on the happiness it creates for the individual making the decision. Utilitarianism would focus on Dr. Kevorkian’s intentions as being moral by supporting his patients’ suicide. They would argue that he helped his patients avoid the financial burden and suffering of their illness through suicide. Although some validity is evident, they disregard the possibility that Dr. Kevorkian may have been wrong in his diagnosis and acted immorally in his failure to keep his patients alive through his decisions. If the utilitarianism decide to interpret the Hippocratic Oath as a reason for Dr. Kevorkian’s decision to kill his patients, they avoid questioning the implications of Dr. Kevorkian’s decisions on his role as a physician. By acting outside of good will, he violated his role as physician to keep his patients alive since “prevention is better than cure” by giving himself the power to play God. He did so by crossing the boundary that prevents healers from taking life from his/her patients and thus stepped into the realm of executioner rather than healer. (Lasagna) For Dr. Kevorkian to decide when his patients can die, he not only violated the Hippocratic Oath, but led to question the role of the physician whose job is to treat the sick and not determine when a person could die. Although he have granted his patients what they wanted and believed that he was acting in his role as a physician, the outcome reinforces Kant’s philosophy to act in an absolute
... affected are always different. This explains the above paradox as to how two people committing the same action and one being deemed moral the other immoral. The issue of precedence however is irrelevant because there exists a standard of actions agreed upon throughout history that is unethical, example, killing children. What is being referred to here is everyday decisions and actions that we must take and not objective morals that are probably agreed upon by all ethical theories (this is speculative). To address the second part of the objection, the reader must understand that in everyday situations when a decision needs to be made, we almost unconsciously assess what are the ramifications of our actions, its part of our nature to look for things that as Mill calls “desirable as ends” .
In Scenario II, it is more difficult to discern exactly what an (Act) Utilitarian would say about the morality of the choices made since these choices bring pain in suffering to a greater number of people. The loss of three fetuses, that were not otherwise going to be aborted, would have a tremendous effect on many people. The mothers and their families would experience a great deal of pain and suffering over this loss. However, when weighed with the happiness brought to thousand of cured people, a Utilitarian would say the acts were moral. Since utilitarianism states that in any situation where there is a moral choice to make, the right thing to do is that which is likely to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
Consequentialism sets out to prove that one’s actions are morally right just because they produce the greatest amount of possibly goodness in the world. Consequentialism has two forms; one being act-utilitarianism, and the second one being rule-utilitarianism. In this paper I will explain the difference between the two forms, and will also apply these two forms to the same given scenario, and describe how the act-utilitarian will select the male patient, while the rule-utilitarian will select the female patient.
If a fire were to arise and he could only save one, would a Utilitarian send the firetrucks to the neurosurgeon or to his child. The obvious answer most people would say is save the child since it’s your own flesh and blood in that building as opposed to a complete stranger. However, a Utilitarianst might argue otherwise, as according to Utilitarnism, one must be completely impartial and unbiased when making a decision. They believe that every individual matters equally in a situation like this and that one shouldn’t act according to his relationship towards one of the victims. Rather, as said before, Utilitarianists believe that one should act according to what will result in “the greatest good for the greatest number.” As Mill explained before, in order to determine what “the greatest number for the greatest good” is, one must expose people to both pleasures and see what is the thing that will people will prefer. In the case of the fire, since one person is a neurosurgeon and the other is just a child, most people will probably prefer that the neurosurgeon be saved as he is more crucial to the community than the child is. A neurosurgeon saves people’s lives on a daily basis and if he were to die, it can have a have a really harmful effect on the community, causing others to die as well, where it otherwise might have been prevented. If the child dies, on the other hand, it will have
...they each have a unique organ transplant. The fifth patient is completely fine since he is simply recovering from minor surgery. This patient has the heart, lung, kidney, and liver that the others need. If we follow the utilitarian method, the doctor could give life to four people if he just took the life of one. I see nothing in either act nor rule utilitarianism that would prevent this from being justified. The act itself supplies the total best consequences of everyone and if it were made a rule it would still give the same result. It seems that in utilitarianism, individual human rights would not exist. Whatever is most beneficial for the most people is the morally right to do, even if it unbearably painful for the individual. My conclusion is that if utilitarianism was used universally and consistently it would bring us the wrong conclusions in many situations.