Comparison of Amylase Productivity
Materials Used
Starch powder and water mixture
Amylase powder and water mixture
Glucose powder and water mixture
Spit
Iodine
Benedict’s solution
Depression plate
Test tubes
Droppers
Background Information Enzymes are a class of proteins that speed up or slow down metabolic reactions. Enzymes are important for the purpose of making the metabolism in humans and other creatures run smoothly. In order to maintain proper homeostasis a body must be able to process the materials it is taking in. Enzymes allow certain molecules to be formed or broken down, giving off energy. The energy created from enzymatic reactions is made when the enzymes break down the bonds in atoms and then recreate them to make something
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The temperature of the room, concentration of the solutions used, and biological factors affecting the chemical makeup of the saliva being used could all have an effect on the results of the experiments. There was no way we could eliminate these variables completely, so the results might not be as accurate as they would be without these variables affecting it. Temperature of the room the experiments were performed in has an effect on the efficiency of amylase in saliva or by itself. When the temperature is around that of a normal human body, about 98 degrees Fahrenheit, it will be at its maximum efficiency. The temperature in the room was less than that and could have varied a few degrees day to day while conducting the experiment. Warmer temperatures allowed amylase to work at a higher quality than those in colder temperatures. The variation in the uneliminated variables could have skewed the results, but they did not seem to have had a strong impact on the experiment as a …show more content…
I believed the hypothesis would be true, and all the data we collected implies that it was. However there were some mess-ups in the experiment in the beginning and towards the end. In the beginning we had some difficulty attempting to start to create a working procedure and what steps would be needed to test our hypothesis. Towards the end, a mess up included not properly comparing the results in the depression plates to those of a control. The results could not have proved anything had changed if there was nothing to compare it to to see if a reaction had occurred. When these were fixed, the experiment continued and we were able to get the results
The experiment was not a success, there was percent yield of 1,423%. With a percent yield that is relatively high at 1,423% did not conclude a successful experiment, because impurities added to the mass of the actual product. There were many errors in this lab due to the product being transferred on numerous occasions as well, as spillage and splattering of the solution. Overall, learning how to take one product and chemically create something else as well as how working with others effectively turned out to be a
called an active site. This active site is made by a few of the amino
Enzymes are biomolecules that catalyze or assist chemical reactions. ("Enzyme Information - Disabled World", n.d.,) Without enzymes it would be impossible for an organism to carry out chemical reactions. Enzymes are proteins that carry a chemical reaction for a specific substance or nutrient. For example, the digestive enzymes help food to be broken down so it can be absorbed. Enzymes can either initiate the reaction or speed it up. Substrates are the chemicals that are transformed by enzymes. (Gunsch & Foster, 2014) Reactants are the chemicals in the absence of enzymes. Metabolic pathways that occur in a cell are determined by a set of enzymes which are selective for their substrates and catalyze only a few reactions among the many possibilities.
needed to activate the reacting molecules. They are specific that usually act on only one type of substrate, so each of them just. perform one particular reaction. Furthermore, only a small amount of enzyme is needed every time to speed up a reaction. Enzymes are globular proteins that have a precise three-dimensional structure.
Investigating the Effect of Enzyme Concentration on the Hydrolysis of Starch with Amylase Aim: Investigate the effect of enzyme concentration on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction. Using amylase and starch as my example. Introduction: I am investigating the effect of the concentration of the enzyme, amylase on the time taken for the enzyme to fully breakdown the substrate, starch to a sugar solution. The varied variable will be the concentration and all other variables are going to be fixed. The different concentrations will be: 0.5% 0.75% 1.0% 1.5% 2% An enzyme is a class of protein, which acts as a biological catalyst to speed up the rate of reaction with its substrates.
Living cells perform a multitude of chemical reactions very rapidly because of the participation of enzymes. Enzymes are biological catalysts, compounds that speed up a chemical reaction without being used up or altered in the reaction. The material with which the catalysts reacts, called the substrate, is modified during the reaction to form a new product. But because the enzyme itself emerges from the reaction unchanged and ready to bind with another substrate molecule, a small amount of enzyme can alter a relatively enormous amount of substrate.
Our metabolism, “the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions”, manages energy usage and production of cells. We use energy constantly and our metabolism breaks down food through complex chemical reactions into energy our cells
If I was to do this experiment again I might use a Fungi amylase to
Enzymes are biological macromolecule that acts as catalysts and increase the rate of a chemical reaction. Without enzymes, life, as we know about it, would not exist. Enzymes function by deceasing the activation energy and stabilizing the transition state of a chemical reaction without altering the thermodynamic of reaction (#1 Boyer). At the molecular level, enzymes catalyze these reactions by binding to the substrate or reactants to form an enzyme-substrate complex. The reaction takes place while the substrate is bound to the enzyme and converting the substrate to the new product. The new product is then released from the enzyme substrate complex, and the enzyme is then free to bind with more substrate. E+S → ES → E+P (#1 Boyer). Based on
This hurdle is called the activation energy of the reaction. [IMAGE] By decreasing the activation energy, more substrate is changed to product in a certain amount of time. That is, the enzyme increases the rate of the reaction. [IMAGE] The activity of catalase can be measured by finding the rate of which the oxygen gas is released from the breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide.
== Refer to Chemistry Lab # 2 – Investigating Changes. No changes have been made in this experiment. Results = ==
There is also the potential of human error within this experiment for example finding the meniscus is important to get an accurate amount using the graduated pipettes and burettes. There is a possibility that at one point in the experiment a chemical was measured inaccurately affecting the results. To resolve this, the experiment should have been repeated three times.
Enzymes are types of proteins that work as a substance to help speed up a chemical reaction (Madar & Windelspecht, 104). There are three factors that help enzyme activity increase in speed. The three factors that speed up the activity of enzymes are concentration, an increase in temperature, and a preferred pH environment. Whether or not the reaction continues to move forward is not up to the enzyme, instead the reaction is dependent on a reaction’s free energy. These enzymatic reactions have reactants referred to as substrates. Enzymes do much more than create substrates; enzymes actually work with the substrate in a reaction (Madar &Windelspecht, 106). For reactions in a cell it is important that a specific enzyme is present during the process. For example, lactase must be able to collaborate with lactose in order to break it down (Madar & Windelspecht, 105).
The exocrine function of the pancreas is that it produces enzymes that aids in the digestion of food. There are three important enzymes that are crucial in helping with digestion. The first digestive enzyme is amylase. Amylase function is to break down carbohydrates. The amylase enzyme is made in two places: the cells in the digestive tract that produces saliva and the main one specifically found in the pancreas that are called the pancreatic amylase (Marie, Joanne; Media Demand, “What Are the Functions of Amylase, Protease and Lipase Digestive Enzymes”). The amylase in the pancreas passes through the pancreatic duct to the small intestines. This amylase in the pancreas completes the process of digestion of carbohydrates. Consequently, this leads to the production of glucose that gets absorbed into the bloodstream and gets carried throughout the body. The next enzyme that aids in digestion of food is protease. While amylase breaks down carbohydrates, protease breaks down protein. Protease breaks down protein into the building block form of amino acids. The three main proteases that it produces are: pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin (Marie, Joanne; Media Demand, “What Are the Functions of Amylase, Protease and Lipase Digestive Enzymes”). Pepsin does not occur in the pancreas but it is the catalysis in starting the digestion of proteins. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are the two proteases that occur in
Enzymes are necessary for life to exist the way it does. Enzymes help our bodies carry out chemical reactions at the correct speed. Catalase is one such enzyme, “Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals). It catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen”.\(Wikipedia). In other words catalase speeds up the breaking down of hydrogen peroxide, which is a byproduct of reactions in our body. Hydrogen peroxide is very common in our body but, “If it were allowed to build up it would kill us”(Matthey).This shows how necessary enzymes such as catalase to life. Without enzymes reactions that take place in our body could be affected greatly. In our