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Amniotic Fluid
The happiest moment in the life of a woman is the moment of her first pregnancy. The fetus is inside her uterus surrounded by a thin membrane which is amniotic sac and inside is the amniotic fluid in which that the unborn baby float in it and moves easily. This amniotic fluid is a yellowish liquid and like water, it contains fetal cells and about 98% of water, 2% salts, carbohydrates, proteins, peptides, lipid and electrolyte enzymes (Penn Medicine, 2013). This fluid filled the extracelomic cavity and then the amniotic space become identified and easily to be seen within days of implantation. The amniotic fluid is made from mother's body, so that the water from amniotic fluid is coming from maternal plasma cells that moves through the fetal membranes, this movement could be during after vessels development so that the water and salts will moves from maternal plasma cells across the placenta to fetus and then to the amniotic fluid.
In the early period of embryo the volume of amniotic fluid is about 25 ml at 10 weeks and it increase to about 400 ml at 20 weeks, in this period of time the amniotic fluid composition is similar to fetal plasma (Mark, William & Michael, 2005). Also at this period of time the amniotic fluid serve as a physiological buffer, because it pass across non keratinized fetal skin and the amnion surface, placenta and umbilical cord all are permeable to water and solutes. By the week of gestation which is about week 8, the kidney of fetus start to function and the fetus start to make his own contribution to amniotic fluid and this can be done by swallowing and urinating into the amniotic fluid, so now amniotic fluid is mostly achieved by excretion of fetal urine. Specifically, we can say that fetu...
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... and amniotic fluid volume in pregnancy complicated by diabetes. 182(4), 901-4. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10764470
American Pregnancy Association. (2007). Low amniotic fluid levels : Oligohydramnios. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancycomplications/highamnioticfluidpolyhydramnios.htm
NHS Choices (2013). What is the amniotic sac?. Retrieved from http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/2310.aspx?CategoryID=54
Valerie, C. (2011). Embryo and embryonic membranes. (6th ed.). United States of America: Davis Company. Retrieved from http://online.statref.com.ezproxy.uaeu.ac.ae/Document.aspx?docAddress=D1JLb2YDRVYMyAcrtgKbCA%3d%3d&SessionID=1C26A0AKVDGPSVSH
Prusa, A., & Hengstschlager, M. (2002). Amniotic fluid cells and human stem cell research: a new connection. 8(11), 253-257. Retrieved from http://www.medscimonit.com/download/index/idArt/4825
The innovation of surfactant replacement therapy in the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome has proven to increase the survival and minimize the complications of the premature neonate. Replacing surfactant has lessened time on ventilators, and allowing the neonate and parents an opportunity to grow together earlier outside of intensive care. This paper will discuss the etiology of respiratory distress syndrome type I, the treatment options and nursing care of the neonate during surfactant replacement.
Gale Group. (2013, May). Maternal Complications from Placenta Previa. Retrieved May 06, 2013, from Galenet: http://140.234.20.9:8080/EPSessionID=838ee1ba12d4ed675b34eeada9e17bc/EPHost=galenet.galegroup.com/EPPath/servlet/HWRC/hits?docNum=A246374229&index3=KE&index2=KE&index1=FT&tcit=0_1_0_0_0_1&locID=lac73470&rlt=6&text3=&text2=&origSearch=false&text1=maternal+
1. Preeclampsia. Women with this condition have high blood pressure during pregnancy, accompanied by water retention and protein in their urine. It can lead to complications including babies with low birth weight. However, if diagnosed and treated early, affected women can deliver normal babies. Treatment includes consuming a healthy, low salt diet and engaging in regular exercsie as recommended.
Stem cells are pluripotent cells of the body which are “undifferentiated.” This means that stem cells can ultimately give rise to any type of body tissue. Thus stem cells have the potential to cure a vast number of diseases and physical ailments including Parkinson’s, diabetes, spinal cord injury, and heart disease. Consequently, stem cell research and the development of associated medical applications are of great interest to the scientific and medical community. The area of stem cell research involving human embryonic stem cells is of particular interest in that embryonic stem cells are derived from week-old blastocysts developed from in vitro fertilized eggs. As opposed to adult stem cells, which must undergo a complicated process of de-differen...
Association of Placenta Preparation Arts board member Nikole Keller says, “the placenta is often referred to as a filter; this isn’t an ideal term for the placenta considering its function in the body… A more suitable way of looking at it would be as a gate keeper between the mother and the fetus. The placenta’s job is to keep the maternal and fetal blood separate, at the same time allowing nutrients to pass to the fetus, gas exchange to occur, and allowing waste from the fetus to pass through the mother, . The placenta does prevent some toxins from passing through to the fetus but they are not stored in the placenta. Toxins in the body and waste from the fetus are processed by the mother’s liver and kidneys for elimination”
Marshak, Daniel R., Richard L. Gardner, David Gottlieb. ed. "Stem Cell Biology." Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2001.
At about 16 weeks, the fetus is approximately 4.5 inches long and bigger than a bean and more like the size of a grapefruit. Toes and fingers are fully formed and fingerprints form on the tips of the fingers. By the time the fetus reaches the sixth month of forming, it weighs up to 1.4 pounds. Hearing has developed, so the fetus can respond to sounds, which basically mean a lot of movement in the belly of the mother. The organs, such as the lungs, heart, stomach, and intestines, have formed enough that a fetus born premature has a chance to survive outside of the mother’s womb and can form on its own . Throughout the fetal stage the brain continues to grow, nearly doubling in mass from weeks 16 to 28. Around 36 weeks, the fetus is almost ready to be born. It weighs about 6 pounds and is about 18.5 inches long and it is the size of a stack of bananas, by week 37 all of the fetus’s organ systems are formed enough that it could survive outside the mother’s uterus without many of the risks of premature birth. The fetus continues to gain weight and grow in 40 weeks. By then, the fetus has little room to move around and birth becomes
...ty with the surrounding trophoblast being called the amnion. The amnion, also known as the amniotic membrane is a thin membrane on the inner side of the fetal placenta which completely surrounds the embryo and delimits the amniotic cavity, which is filled by amniotic liquid. (Biophysics Unit, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra) The amniotic fluid has several functions, some of them being protecting the fetus physically, providing room for fetal movements, and helping regulate fetal body temperature. The placental membrane, located between the chorionic villi and the placenta, separates maternal blood from fetus blood, allowing oxygen and nutrients to diffuse through the villi walls into the placenta. The placenta is the main structure that keeps the fetus alive during its 9 month development process by providing it with oxygen and nutrient exchange.
The Placenta moves as the womb stretches and grows during pregnancy. Commonly, the placenta is low lying in the cervix during the first trimester and as the pregnancy progresses it should implant closer to the top of the womb in the third trimester but sometimes this doesn’t always happen. When the placenta covers the cervix this is called previa and there are three different forms. The first type is low implantation or marginal previa. The placenta does not cover the opening but is next to the cervix. The next type is partial and that is when the placenta covers part of the cervical opening. Lastly there is complete; the cervical opening is completely covered by the placenta. Once the mother starts dilating and begins to efface, hemorrhage or bleeding occurs. Depending on the severity of the previa it can make a vaginal delivery very complicated and will most likely result in the mother having a C-section.
All the fetus’ nutrients and oxygen come from the mother’s blood. During the fourth month of development, bone replaces the fetus’s cartilage and may begin to hear sound. The remaining part of this section showed the developmental process in each stage of development.
The human fetus goes through numerous amounts of biological and physiological changes during the prenatal period. Though the fetus’ ears begin to form in the first fe...
The process of human development is very complex. It is a continual process, providing gradual development for the fetus. Some of the most important factors to fetal development such as blood flow, heart beats, muscle development, and brain activity can all be determined within the first seven weeks of pregnancy (Baby Developme...
Amniotic sac stretches too much because of an increase of fluid or pressure from carrying more than one baby
This process is called conception, the female is now officially two weeks pregnant and the fertilized egg is called a zygote. Let’s move on to pregnancy. Pregnancy is a state in which a woman carries a fertilized egg inside her body, it usually lasts up to 40 weeks, and it is divided into three trimesters, each lasting three months. The first month. The embryo is about a third of an inch long. The head, trunk, and the beginnings of the arms and legs have started to develop. By this month, the embryo starts to receive nutrients and releases waste through the umbilical cord and placenta. The heart also starts to beat. The second month. The heart is now pumping and the nervous system, including the brain and the spinal cord begins to develop. The fetus is 1 in 2.5cm now and has developed cartilage skeleton. The arms, legs, facial features and other major organs begin to appear. The third month. The fetus has grown up to 4 in 10cm and weighs a little more than an ounce. The major blood vessels are almost completed and the face starts to show up more. The kidneys and the 4 chambers of the heart are now complete. The fourth month. The fetus is now 4 oz of 112g and can kick and swallow. The
...ilical cord, and are excreted in the mother’s urine. After 9 months, when the baby is usually ready to be born, its head presses against the cervix, while the mother and the fetus both release a hormone called oxytocin, which induce labor. Mothers start having contractions, which get more frequent and painful overtime as labor begins. As the cervix walls are loosening, the mucus plug at the cervix loosens and the amniotic fluid flows out of the vagina when the mother's water breaks (Stephen Nowicki, 2012). Muscles contract to help push the baby through the vagina and out of the mother's body, the baby coming out head first and the placenta also comes out, also known as the afterbirth. Some children might go through a C-section, where the abdomen is cut. The umbilical cord is then cut from the baby, leaving a bit that dries up and leaves a scar, called a navel.