Natural gas suppliers and recipients are usually connected through a large-scale, high pressure and integrated transmission pipeline network. These transmission systems are the most cost effective ways to transmit fluid products over long distances [1], and are usually supplied from multiple sources and use inline compression units to deliver gas to the end users. Adaptation to the varying demands of customers plays an important role, and it is the responsibility of the dispatchers in gas transmission systems to supply adequate amounts of natural gas to meet consumers’ requirements and maintain the pressure level above the minimum required values. Safe operation of transmission pipeline systems in spite of load changes is an important topic and requires the assessment of both the current and future status of the system. The lack of reliable information about many streams and instrumentation errors create additional challenges in assessment of the current state of the transmission network. Other distribution networks such as electrical networks, nitrogen/oxygen and hydrogen networks suffer from this issue as well[2]. Considering several hundred up to several thousand variables of a GTN model, it is possible to measure only a fraction of these variables from cost and feasibility point of view and there are many unmeasured variables. Hence, it is essential to use an on-line estimator to obtain unknown variables using available measurements and smooth the measured variables. GTN is an example of a process with frequent changes, due to the ever changing fluctuations in customer demands and unnotified load changes from natural gas-fired power plants [3]. Real time optimization (RTO) of gas pipelines in transient conditions is considered to be a challenging problem. For a process with frequent disturbances, dynamic-RTO can be an effective replacement for steady state RTO [4], while the successful implementation of dynamic-RTO also requires a dynamic data reconciliation module. The quantity of gas contained in a given pipeline segment is defined as the line–pack [5], [6], which is a very important parameter in gas transmission systems [7], considering its use in the compensation of abrupt load changes. As a result, state estimation techniques play a key role in several problems related to the gas industry such as dynamic data reconciliation, determining the line-pack of the pipelines, the appropriate calculation corresponding to natural gas transactions [8], leak detection, demand estimation, optimal sensor placement [9] and as an aid to control or optimum design of the system. Line-pack and demand estimation estimates are essential in the evaluation of the current status of a network and can be helpful in reliable planning for the future.
This segment consists of the three natural gas pipelines: Panhandle Eastern, Trunkline, and Sea Robin, natural gas storage assets, and the Trunkline LNG terminal. The three pipelines have a total length of approximately 10,000 miles and transport 5.5 Bcf/d of natural gas. The Panhandle Eastern pipeline transports natural gas from the Rocky Mountains and Midcontinent supply areas to...
The installation of the Keystone Pipeline began with Phase One, the installation of 2,147 miles of pipeline stretching from Alberta to refineries in Illinois. The installation and administration of Phase One included the conversion of 537 miles of Ca...
Imperial Oil ltd. Limited (Esso) is a Canadian public corporation that produces crude oil and natural gas. Currently the headquarters are based out of Calgary, Alberta employing over 5000 people, with Exxon Mobil owning 69.6 percent of the company. Imperial Oil ltd. was previously located in Toronto and has recently moved all main facilities over to the Calgary, Alberta headquarters.1 Esso was incorporated in London, ON in 1880 and became a land mark in the development of crude oil and natural gases.1 Its retail business consists of service stations and "On the Run Express and Tiger Express-brand" convenience stores. Esso also owns a 25% portion of Syncrude, which are the world’s largest oil sands.1
Also what safety nets do we have in place in case of environmental catastrophe. The only real way to look at how safe it is is to examine the Trans Mountain pipelines history. The pipeline has been in use for 51 years and in that 51 years there has been 78 spills, (Trans Mountain.com 2013) most of these
Gasoline is one of the many conversation starters anywhere you go. People have different opinions on why gasoline prices are fluctuating at such a rapid pace. Some Americans have chosen a way of thinking towards the prices. Whether it be making up rumors or just plainly trash talking towards our government. You make ask yourself the same questions many economist do, why has the price of oil been dropping so fast? Why now? This a complicated question, but it boils down to the simple economics of supply and demand. Supply and demand means a relationship between how much of a particular product is available and how much of it people want, and especially the way that this affects the level of pricing. Now of course there would be a shortage of gasoline during the summer time when everyone is traveling
The newest proposed phase has been met with mixed feelings. Many companies in industry wish to see the newest phase of the pipeline completed because many believe that it would be very beneficial to almost everyone. One of the biggest benefits that the construction of a new section of pipeline would provide is the large amount of jobs that it would create. The...
Pierre Trudeaus government decided they needed a way into the oil industry in order to get and control Canada's natural resources. The Canadian Parliament passed the Petro-Canada Act in 1975 establishing a Crown Corporation to meet these goals. Many in the Alberta Oil industry felt that this was an not very good intrusion into the business world and campaigned to have Petro-Canada and its activities restricted.
Texas has prospered with many business such as through the cattle, cotton, and technology industry to keep the economy on top. One business in particular has set Texas economy a part from all the other businesses. The oil and gas industry has significantly changed Texas economy from the first discovery in the twentieth century until this exact moment.
The Keystone oil pipeline system was designed to carry over 830,000 barrels of oil per day from the oil sands of boreal forests in Canada to oil refineries and ports in the Gulf Coast. Half of the system is already built, including a stretch of pipeline that runs east from Alberta and south through North Dakota, South Dakota and Nebraska. The proposed 1,179-mile addition to the pipeline is now being reviewed by the States Department. The new addition to the pipeline would start in Hardisty, Alberta, cut diagonally through bisect Montana, South Dakota and Nebraska, and then on another addition would connect to existing pipelines to the Gulf Coast.
Pressure relief valves are used to safely contain pressurized gases and liquids. Throughout the years there has been an increased demand for safety in industrial and other related operating practices. These valves are one of the many devices that have been created in conjunction with standardized design and operating practices, for the provision of this very protection. In the past, vessels that now would obviously require relief valves were heated often resulting in drastic increase in pressure within the vessel. This resulted in an extremely dangerous outcome physically for all the parties involved.
The United States relies on imports for about forty percent of its crude oil, which is the lowest rate of dependency since 1991 according to the U.S Energy Information Administration. Today our country is trying to keep on track in becoming less and less dependent. When it comes to the topic of the future ways the United States will get its fuel, most of us readily agree that the United States should become more independent by using natural gas that is already here on our land. Where this argument usually ends, however, is on the question of the consequences drilling for natural gas brings. Whereas some are convinced drilling is safe, others maintain that it is actually in fact dangerous. Hydraulic fracturing or "fracking", the terms for drilling for natural gas, is dangerous to our public health and to the environment because of the water contamination it causes. Therefore, it is not something that should become a project for alternative fuel used by the United States.
ADCOP – Abu Dhabi Crude Oil Pipeline Project." IPIC. N.p., 2014. Web. 13 May 2014.
From the 1970s to the 1990s, pipelines became far more versatile than before. More pipelines were being used to transport natural gas, such as carbon dioxide for oil recovery and other natural gas liquids for a growing heating industry. Pipelines were being constructed to gather oil and gases more than a mile beneath the bottom of the
The oil & gas industry is among the largest industries in the world. The sector generates large revenues and employs a large number of people in order to meet the worldwide demand for energy.
Assigning the precise amount of network capacity in the right place at the right time is no simple task. Network Planners cannot afford to overbuild, as this would consume scarce investment resources that could be better used elsewhere. They also cannot delay expansion as this may result in poor service to customers and under-utilize other network assets. A balanced approach is needed in order to meet the rapidly growing and changing traffic demands. Advanced network planning and design software provides benefit to network planners in the following ways: