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impact of HIV on the immune system.
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AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome); HIV is the etiological agent of AIDS leaving the body vulnerable to a variety of life threatening diseases (8).
Transmission:
AIDS is transmitted from the HIV virus through blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk to others from infected host (1). The virus can be spread through sexual contact by oral, vaginal, or anal sex; receiving a blood transfusion, injection involving needles, artificial insemination and organ transplants from an infected donor. Transmission from mother to child during pregnancy (intrauterine) from shared blood circulation while in fetus, delivery, or after pregnancy when nursing infant from breast milk of infected mother (9). The exact mechanism of mother to child HIV/AIDS transmission is still unknown (9).
Reservoirs:
Infected human. Latent reservoirs include CD4 and T-Cells. Reservoirs are still not fully understood (1).
General Characteristics:
The stages leading to diagnosis of AIDS include Acute HIV infection detected within a few weeks to months, asymptomatic HIV infection having no symptoms, early symptomatic HIV infection, to advanced HIV infection known as AIDS (13). A CD4 count test resulting in less than 200 cells/mm3 is used for diagnosis of AIDS even when the patient shows no symptoms (8). Specific illnesses found only in patients that have AIDS are used to determine further testing for a positive diagnosis. Tests for HIV can be used to identify AIDS. HIV is diagnosed by blood tests involving two or more positive ELISA tests that have been confirmed by a Western blot assay (6). Test include third-generation, fourth-generation, rapid tests, HIV RNA tests, confirmatory tests, STARHS and home sampling tests (6). Once conf...
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http://www.who.int/topics/hiv_aids/en/
11. United States. “Texas HIV Slide Set 2010.” Texas Department of State Health Services. 2010. Web. 4 May 2012. http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/hivstd/reports/default.shtm
12. Goodman, Brenda MA. “Most Americans with HIV Don’t Have Infection Under Control.” WebMD. 29 Nov. 2011. Web. 6 May 2012. http://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/news/20111128/most-americans-with-hiv-dont-have-infection-under-control
13. Dugdale, Vyas, Zieve, ADAM. “AIDS.” MedlinePlus. 9 June 2011. Web. 6 May 2012. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000594.htm
14. Department of Health and Human Services. “HIV/AIDS.” National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 05 Jan. 2009. Web. 6 May 2012.
http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/hivaids/understanding/howhivcausesaids/Pages/howhiv.aspx
2) Moore, J. (2004). The puzzling origins of AIDS: Although no one explanation has been universally accepted, four rival theories provide some important lesson. American Scientist, 92(6), 540-547. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/stable/27858482
Cassie has not had it easy since The Others attacked. She watched her mother die, her father blown into smithereens, and her brother packed up on a bus to Camp Haven. Then, Cassie finds herself alone in the woods after there was an explosion at her previous camp. In order to find her brother at Camp Haven, she has to figure out a way to get there. With nowhere to turn, she heads toward the nearest city, Cincinnati. She is shot in the leg immediately after stepping foot in the city, and she passes out ...
The first time Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill met was on the 28th of November in Teheran, the capital of Iran, where current problems during the war and postwar politics were discussed (Naden and Blue 187-188). The Teheran Conference lasted until December 1st, and during that time the Big Three covered four main issues. The most pressing of which was planning an attack on Hitler’s forces, coming from both the east and the west. Eventually, Roosevelt and Churchill planned Operation Overlord, or D-Day, which took place on June 6th 1944. Two weeks later, Stalin helped the war effort by contributing an attack on Hitler’s eastern army in Belorussia. The second pr...
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS weakens the immune system hampering the body’s defense mechanisms. AIDS is known to be a deadly disease, especially if it is not treated in a timely manner. AIDS and HIV is an epidemic that is increasing among the African American population with roots tracing back to Africa, AIDS and HIV needs greater exposure and more awareness within the African American community and in the homosexual community.
Spink, Gemma. "AIDS." AVERTing HIV and AIDS. 23 Dec 2009. Web. 11 Jan 2010. .
Social media has set in a new wave in the business world. As per the recent study carried out by Internet Advertising Bureau UK, a business having social media presence is likely to attract 80 percent more customers in future (The Guardian, 2013). Especially, for small businesses having limited time and budgetary constraints, it is important to chart out an effective social media marketing policy to give the required boost to the business expansion. There are different purposes for different small scale business organizations to use social media. Major ones are discussed holistically in the essay.
It is a virus AIDS is a fatal disease which renders the body helpless against other diseases. Patients lose the ability to defend themselves against viri. and die from infections.
Social media has blossomed over the years in every direction possible. One of the reasons social media is popular today is because it allows you to interact. It also gives you the opportunity to voice your opinions. These interactions have made this world a much bigger and louder place. With that being said having all this interaction can cause conflict on what is said. But you have the choice to follow whoever you want on social media with Twitter for example. Another positive thing that comes with social media is many businesses have launched. Many businesses take full advantage of social media. It gives public more awareness of the organization. Having your business displayed on the web can attract more viewers because of the web is very popular. According to Dennis McCafferty in the “Brave, New Social World” “Many adults use social media to open up their business on many different levels”. (McCafferty 176). In this reading, McCafferty spoke about how social media increased the value of business a...
We cannot deny how big of an impact social media has on our lives now, not only on people but businesses too. It has opened a whole new door to the business world and given them a big opportunity to interact and attract a larger amount of customers. It’s given us a new and faster way of communication by exchanging pictures, stories, news, blogs, online discussions, etc. In exchange businesses have benefited by a long shot just by the click of a button. With the help of the Internet a company no longer is dependent on a particular customer base to survive because now it can reach out to a worldwide audience within seconds. It’s imaginable the countless business attributes of all social media to this day and still is growing. Social media has brought great business benefits to the business world because it gives higher brand visibility, generates new customers, is cost effective, and introduces social networking.
Using social web is probably the most cost effective marketing tool available that allowed businesses to manage brand reputation, advertise, served customer, broadcast, and network (Fine, 2010). The social media has become a widespread phenomenon and global trend because of the popularity of Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest and Facebook (Hinchcliffe & Kim, 2012). In the recent study conducted by LinkedIn, 94% of small businesses use social media as a marketing tool and 49% use it for research to grow business (Weiss, 2014). The social media maybe cheap but it is not easy to implement. Many small business owners still hesitate to implement it because of lack of knowledge. Small business owners also fear the cost of time to be invested in social media. Implementing social media in business requires operational, technological, and cultural changes. It is a long term process that should be implemented with the overall marketing plan. (Fine, 2010).
In today’s society, many businesses are using commercial websites to get their name out in the public. “Social media is now a crucial part of any successful business marketing plan” (Kiripatea). Businesses need to use the right social media platform to bring in the most revenue.
Palella F.J., Delaney, K.M., Moorman, A.C., Lovelss, M.O., Fuhrer, J., Satten, G.A., Asschman, D.J., and Holmberg, S.D. 1998. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. New England Journal of Medicine. 338:853-860
Advancements in technology allow communication to be more efficient and more reliable. Websites have been designed that are based on social interaction and businesses are getting involved online to connect with their consumers through this Internet site. These websites are called, social media, and it offers a way for consumers to network by sharing content that is accessed online. An article from the California Management Review defines social media as, “the way in which people interact to create, share, and exchange information and ideas in virtual communities and networks” (Katona, 2014). Social media is popular right now and able to grow in bigger and better things, businesses are taking advantage by using these websites for online marketing. Marketing that is posted through the Internet and uses social media is known as social media marketing. Advertising and promoting products this way has many advantages and disadvantages. This form of marketing can help the business by being cost efficient by
The advent of new technology such as the social media has penetrated into the market and altered the way customers seek information. As the number of social media users escalates companies are advised to take advantage of the emerging marketing channel and effectively communicate with customers. Its interactivity, ubiquity and accessibility qualify it as one of the most cost effective marketing tools today. This research paper is an exploratory study about the role of social media in marketing.
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