ASR is one example of a more general problem known as Alkali Aggregate Reaction [AAR]. ASR is a chemical process in which alkalis, usually predominantly from the cement, combine with certain types of silica in the aggregate when moisture is present. This reaction produces an alkali-silica gel that can absorb water and expand to cause cracking and disruption of the concrete. For damaging reaction to take place the following need to be present in sufficient quantities. High alkali cement Reactive aggregate [e.g. crushed greywacke type sandstone] Moisture
Structures most at risk are bridges, hydraulic structures, exposed frames [e.g. open multistorey car parks] and foundations. In relation to total construction volume, the incidence of significant damage due to ASR in the UK is small. ASR was discovered in the USA in the 1940s; no case was found in the UK until 1971 [in a concrete dam in Jersey]. The problem is known to exist in at least 35 countries.
Affected concrete often exhibits map cracking of the surface, known colloquially as Isle of Man cracking after that island`s three legged emblem. In heavily loaded sections the cracking will probably follow the line of the main reinforcement. An excellent overview of the phenomenon can be found in BRE Digest 330.
Since the early 1980s recommendations have been produced and refined to the stage where ASR is unlikely if these are adopted. Principal methods include.
· Controlling the level of available ...
Lanier, S.H., Mott, J.M., Ready, D.J., Sutherland, R.J., & Williams, W. (2012). A Pilot Study of
Society has shaped these negative stigmas around feminists, which contain grains of truth, but can be easily be shattered when looked at from a universal perspective. I feel compelled to survey my surroundings anytime I am asked this question because I don’t want have views shaped of me due to the societal view and stigmas of feminist. So, every time I am asked this question, my answers do evolve and change depending on the situation I am facing. I would like for people to understand the universality of a feminist instead of drawing on these myths society has created. Most feminists are not angry; we do not hate on men, nor do we want to be like men, but rather would like to fight to have the same rights and opportunities that are awarded to men. I remember that sheer moment of slight panic even when I was asked this question at the beginning of this class. I wasn’t sure how to answer because I didn’t want to spark opinions which were only not my true belief. This emotional connotation associated with the term feminist that is present in our society has not only worked against feminists, but actually manipulated the true meaning of the subject. With the expansion of feminism in our society, these myths are ones I believe need to be changed instead of being used as a means of discrediting feminism. There are a multitude of ways to promote the growth of feminism, but without the removal of these negative stigmas, as a society, we are not able to move past these obstacles and on to an improved
Women have been fighting for equal rights for centuries. The second wave of feminism was a time where women thought their fight for equality was not over, and there were more issues that needed to be addressed and pushed further. In response to the statement “Many women active in the mainstream Second Wave women’s movement believed that they were contributing to changes that would fundamentally revolutionize American society. By the end of the Second Wave, however, some of these women felt that they had failed.” Some feminist activists think they have failed due to limitations and abuse alongside of obtaining the rights focused on in the 1960’s-1970’s. By the time the second wave of feminism began it was already acknowledged that women may have taken a step back into their private spheres up until the 1960’s. From earning the right to vote and fighting for education and property rights, to being brainwashed into thinking their only role in life is to stay at home and be a housewife, led women to be unhappy. “Women wanted more than their husbands, their children and their home.” (Friedan, pp. 279) They wanted more job and career opportunities and to fight for the inequality of women who were employed outside of the home. They also wanted more control in their reproduction so
Since the 16th century, the language of English, which in theory, stems from a small island between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea has, to an extent, stretched across the world, with as many as 50 countries now using it has their official language (British Council, 2013) in some form or another. This spread was seemingly due to several influential factors; the expansion of the British Empire, Britains leadership in the industrial revolution, American's economic and political ascendancy from the late 19th century and the spread of English through technology like the internet (E. Schneider, 2007: 1).
“ Simply put, feminism is a political philosophy and practice centering on the concerns of women and opposing gender inequality”(Feminism). The feminist movement began in1848 in Seneca Falls, New York when the idea was purposed that women deserved equal treatment as men and the right to vote. That idea provoked the first wave of feminism with the women’s suffrage movement. The suffrage movement was accomplished in 1920 when women were granted the right to vote with the 19th amendment. Women saw no need to stop there and began to fight for the rights they believed all deserved, the second wave of feminism began in the 1960. “The Sixties were an edgy time of transition, change, and confusion” observed journalist Kati Marton in “Hidden Power: Presidential Marriages That Shap...
In addition to its more practical benefits noted earlier, concrete is also widely used because of the environmental benefits that can be enjoyed through its use as well. Since the ingredients and process for making concrete are so basic, there is very little impact to the environment in the form of waste, none of which can be considered especially dangerous or toxic. As noted before, concrete is inherently fire retardant. In order for wood, for example, to be made to be fire retardant, it requires the use of specific treatment methods and chemicals. These chemicals can have an adverse reaction on both the environment and even on the workers performing these actions. Furthermore, if disposed of incorrectly, the chemicals used can continue to harm the environment long after the building has been demolished. Another obvious advantage over the use of wood is that concrete use has no effect on
Concrete is a composite material used widely in the construction industry. Concrete is basically a mixture of cement, water, aggregates and admixture (sometimes). Cement is a fine gray powder that consists of oxidizes calcium, silicon and aluminum. The aggregate used is normally gravel, crushed stone or sand. Admixture is a solid or liquid substance that gives a certain characteristics of the concrete. The cement reacts with water chemically and binds the aggregates together through a process called hydration during hardening or curing of concrete. It means that water helps in the hardening of the concrete while the cement bind the aggregate and also react with water to form a solid mass.
Through investigating the various properties of Cement/Concrete/Mortar, Glass, and Ceramics/Porcelain I have come to understand the chemical composition, type of bond, structure, and the daily use of each of the substances. Cement is composed of calcium which usually is acquired from limestone and silicon which is usually from sand, shale or clay (aluminosilicates). The structure of cement is in between the two extremes of an ionic and a covalent model. It is between an ionic oxide lattice and a tetrahedral covalent network. Cement when wet or when dry has both cohesive and adhesive properties. Concrete is created through the mixture of cement (filler), fine and coarse aggregate (binder), and water. With the characteristics of these materials, concrete’s type of bond attributes to its high thermal insulation properties and the strength of the material itself. Concrete is used for building materials and due to its thermal insulation properties as insulators. Mortar is a mixture of cementitious materials, water, and aggregate. For commercial use in buildings and constructions, it is useful by having water retentivity and its strength after stiffening and hardening. In addition, the content in the mortar of cement as well as air content affects the strength of the tensile bond between the mortar and the masonry. Due to the materials that compose mortar, it developed a chemical structure that is similar to its components. Also, in daily use, mortar is used for construction for buildings to attach segments together.
As I lounged in my chair, feeling completely awkward but trying to look like I fit in, my eyes scanned the room full of eager faces that I would soon consider my classmates, and hopefully, friends. Right now though, each of them intimidated me. I couldn’t help but think they had all spend their entire lives preparing for the year, when all I had were dreams and ambition.
Concrete is considered as the most widely used and versatile material for construction all over the world. In recent years, concrete technology has made significant advances which have resulted in economic improvements in strength of concrete. This economic development depends upon the intelligent use of locally available materials. One of the important ingredients of conventional concrete is natural sand or river sand, which is expensive and scarce. In India, the conventional concrete is produced by using natural sand obtained from riverbeds as fine aggregate.
Ultimately, English is rapidly rising, causing other languages unable to compete with it, this is not good, as having a global language as the loss of language is considered a loss of identity for all people. While having English as a global language may offer positive aspects for everyone, it can never replace the identity and cultural of ones mother language.
Making English the second most talked dialect on the planet, with Chinese being the first. English is the principle dialect of world distributing, science and innovation, conferencing, and PC stockpiling and additionally the dialect of global aviation authority. English is additionally the focal dialect utilized for motivations behind global correspondences, and worldwide legislative issues, business interchanges, and scholastic groups. (Cuddon p.280).
Language is one of the most basic values of a society that differentiates one society from other one. Each country desires to be superior over other countries and spread of its language and their culture to win in a way over other countries language. The growing utilization of English to communicate internationally has been continuing in several decades which makes English as one of the growing language between the countries; as Robson reported that “English is spoken at a useful level by some 1.75 billion people worldwide
Walt Whitman once said, “Viewed freely, the English language is the accretion and growth of every dialect, race, and range of time, and is both the free and compacted composition of all.” This is evident in its fifteen hundred year history, as many entities of the language have been adapted, added, and altered. The English that was spoken in 500 AD would be completely indecipherable to a modern day English speaker. Today, the English language’s many forms have developed through centuries of changing and evolving to become the diverse and dynamic language that it is today.
"English is considered to be a 'global language '. Account for the dominance of English today, and discuss what the future of the English language might be."