Albinism
The word "albinism" refers to a group of inherited conditions. People with albinism have little or no pigment in their eyes, skin, or hair. They have inherited genes that do not make the usual amounts of a pigment called melanin.
One person in 17,000 has some type of albinism. Albinism affects people from all races. Most children with albinism are born to parents who have normal hair and eye color for their ethnic backgrounds. Albinism is found on the eleventh chromosome, section q, loci 14-21.
Oculocutaneous albinism involves the eyes, hair, and skin. Ocular albinism involves primarily the eye. People with ocular albinism may have slight lightening of hair and skin colors as well, compared to other family members. At present researchers have found 10 different types of oculocutaneous albinism, and five types of ocular albinism. Newer laboratory research studying DNA has shown that there are numerous types of changes in the genes of those with albinism, including within families.
The most common types of oculocutaneous albinism are called "ty-negative" and "ty-positive". Persons with ty-negative albinism have no melanin pigmentation, and more difficulty with vision. Those with ty-positive albinism have very slight pigmentation, and generally less severe visual difficulties.
Tests were done on the hair roots of individuals with albinism, to tell these types of albinism apart. However, these hair tests cannot identify types of albinism, particularly in young children, whose pigment systems are immature.
Therefore hair tests are not helpful in predicting the extent of visual disability of a child.
"Ty-Neg" (also called Type 1A) albinism results from a genetic defect in an enzyme called tyrosinase. Tyrosinase helps the body to change the amino acid tyrosine into pigment. The genetic defect that causes albinism in other types of albinism is unknown, but it is speculated that it involves other enzymes used to make pigment.
Albinism is passed from parents to their children through genes. For nearly all types of albinism both parents must carry an albinism gene to have a child with albinism. Parents may have normal pigmentation but still carry the gene. When both parents carry the gene, and neither parent has albinism, there is a one in four chance at each pregnancy that the baby will be born with albinism. This type of inheritance is called autosomal recessive inheritance.
If a parent has a child with albinism, it means the parent must carry the albinism gene. Until recently, unless a person has albinism or has a child with albinism, there was no way of knowing whether he or she carries the gene
Betty Neuman was inspired by many different theorists to develop a system's model in 1970 that serves as a teaching tool for graduate students. It is one of the most frequently used models for nursing research. This conceptual model focuses attention on the response of the client system to stressors in the environment. According to Butts & Rich ( 2012) as cited in Fawcett (2005), Neuman's Systems Model is pragmatic and can be used as guide for nursing education and practice, it can be translated to other cultures, and it has the potential to facilitate resolution of universal nursing concerns. Like other models of nursing, the major concepts are person, health, nursing and the environment but Neuman uses a systems approach to explain how these
All organ system work together; in order to keep and support the conditions that the cells, tissues, and organs need to function properly. Each organ system has an important function in the body. There is one system that is not as well known as other; it is the integumentary system. Most people know the organs of the integumentary system, but they do not know that these organs work together to form this system.
In the book it says "They can spend a whole lifetime worrying whether they 're carriers, and then we come along and offer them a test. Recessives and X-linked. Look what they 're doing with fragile-X nowadays. And cystic fibrosis. Just imagine the commercial possibilities if you can design and patent a probe for something like Gaucher 's disease...(69)" Recessive traits is the phenotype is seen only a homozygous recessive genotype for the traits of the interest is present. The booked talked about two of three diseases that are most common in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. The first one is Cystic fibrosis which is an inherited life-threatening disorder that effects the lungs and the digestive system. The other one mention in the book that wasn’t mention in class was Gaucher 's disease. Gaucher 's disease is a build up of fatty substances in your organs, usually in you spleen and liver. Which causes them to become bigger affecting their function. The last one that we learned in class was Tay-Sachs disease, which is a rare inherited disorder that destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal
The Neuman Systems Model provides a systematic approach to nursing research and practice that allows for empirical research and data collection. This model has been used to develop several middle range theories; it also encourages evidence-based practice and outcomes (Ume-Nwagbo, DeWan, & Lowry, 2006). Neuman (2007, p. 112) states, “Theory-based care activities will scientifically validate a science of nursing, helping close the gap between practice and education.” Continued research is needed to support and refine the concepts that produce theory-based nursing interventions in nursing practice. The Neuman Systems Model Research Institute is committed to encouraging research that is focused on obtaining new nursing knowledge based on the Neuman Systems Model and derived middle-range theories (Neuman & Fawcett,
Look up the word conflict in the dictionary and you will see several negative responses. Descriptions such as: to come into collision or disagreement; be at variance or in opposition; clash; to contend; do battle; controversy; quarrel; antagonism or opposition between interests or principles Random House (1975). With the negative reputation associated with this word, no wonder people tend to shy away when they start to enter into the area of conflict. D. Jordan (1996) suggests that there are two types of conflict: good, which is defined as cognitive conflict (C-type conflict) and, detrimental, defined as affective conflict (A-type conflict). The C-type conflict allows for creativity, to pull together a group of people with different opinions or ideas, to combine and brain storm all thoughts to develop the best solution for the problem. The A-type conflict is the negative form when you have animosity, hostility, un-resolveable differences, and egos to deal with. The list citing negative conflicts could go on forever. We will be investigating these types of conflicts, what managers can do to recognize conflict early, and what strategies they can use to resolve conflicts once they have advanced.
ALBINISM Albinism. The word albinism refers to a group of inherited conditions. People with albinism have little or no pigment in their eyes, skin, or hair. Recently a test has been developed to identify carriers of the gene for ty-neg albinism and for other types in which the tyrosianase enzyme does not function. The test uses a sample of blood to identify the gene for the tryrosinase enzymes by its code in DNA. The above test does not apply to to one type of albinism, called X-linked ocular albinism. For X-linked inheritance, the gene for albinism is located on an X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, while males only have one X and one Y chromosome. This X-linked albinism accurs exclusively in males. The gene is passed from mothers who carry it to their sons. The mothers have subtle eye changes which an ophthalmogist could identigy, but mothers usually have normal vision. For each son born to a mother who carries the gene, there is one in two chance of having X-linked ocular albinism. The description is a hereditary deficiency pigmentation. This could involve the entire body or part of the body. This is believed to be caused by an enzyme deficiency involving the metabolism of melanin during prenatal development. This can be inherited by an dominant or recessive trait. In complete albinism, there is lack of pigmentation in skin and hair, as well as in retinal and iris tissue; in incomplete albinism, skin and hair may vary from pale to normal; in ocular albinism, function may vary from norma to impaired. Impairments may involve the retina and iris. If a person has albinism then they usually have somewhere between 20/70 and 20/200 visual. Ty-Neg albinism or also called type 1A results from a genetic defect in an enzyme called tyrosinase. Tyrosinase helps the body to change the amino acid tyrosine into pigment. An amino acid is a building block of protien. Albinism is passed from parent to their kid through genes. For nearly all types of albinism both parent must carry an albinism gene to have a child with albinism. Parents may have normal pigmentation but still carry the gene. When both parents carry the gene, there is a one in four chance at each pregnancy that the baby will be born with albinism. This type of inheritance is called autosomal recessive inheritance.
Relationships among workplace peers are the most common type of organizational relationships. At times, these platonic relationships turn romantic which are often regarded as an organizational issue. A workplace romance (WR) is defined as a no-platonic bond between two members of an organization in which both sexual attraction and affection is present (Cowan & Horan, 2014). WRs are common in organizations. According to a poll by the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), found that 40% of employees had been involved in a WR at some point in their careers (Cowan & Horan, 2014). The SHRM also found that over 70% of organizations do not have policies that prohibit WR. One of the most concerning questions that arises regarding workplace
This interactive grand theory is grounded in humanist philosophy, which expresses the belief that humans are unitary beings and energy fields in constant interaction with the universal energy field. This model guides the nurse who is interested in “physiologic” and “psychological” adoptions (McEwen & Wills, 2014, p. 177). This model views the nurse as holistic adaptive system constantly interacting with different stimuli. And also explains how different sets of interrelated systems maintain a balance between various stimuli to promote individual and environmental transformation (Alkrisat & Dee, 2014). This model creates a framework to provide care for individuals in health and “in acute, chronic, or terminal illness” (Shah, Abdullah, & Khan, 2015, p. 1834). It focuses on improving basic life processes of individuals, families, groups of people; nurses see communities as holistic adaptive systems. It consists of three basic assumptions: philosophical, scientific, and cultural. And it also contains many defined concepts about the environment, health, person, goal of nursing, adaptation, focal, contextual, and residual stimuli, cognator and regulator subsystem, and stabilizer and innovator control processes (McEwen & Wills, 2014, p.
It has been said that there is no greater way to understand the law than to analyze different cases pertaining to legal philosophy and there is no better way to understand legal philosophy than to see how these different theories contradict one another. A famous legal case “the case of the Speluncean Explorers,” Harvard Law Review, 62 (4) (1948- 1949) pp.616-645, written by Lon L. Fuller describes an allegory of a group of spelunkers in the Commonwealth of Newgarth. Fuller uses various opinions written by fictional judges in order to illustrate a combination of various theories about the nature of law and legal reasoning. The purpose of this paper will thus be to critically assess and develop an argument pertaining to one of the judge’s opinions and to further explain why this judge’s decision is most persuasive. Justice Foster is said to illustrate the alter-ego role of Fuller, representing the natural school of jurisprudence. In determining whether the convictions of the murder of Roger Whetmore should be overturned, Justice Foster presents two main aggressive arguments on the basis of natural law. First, the defendants were in a state of nature at the time of the killing, and thus the laws of nature would apply to them. Second, Foster creates a compelling argument stating that although the statute could be applied to the men, the focus of the statute would not be
This report will attempt to critically analyse and assess the internal and external factors which effected the strategic decisions made by eBay. These strategic decisions consisted of the acquisitions with Skype and PayPal coupled together with an analysis on why eBay failed may have failed in expanding their online presence in eastern parts on the globe such as China.
Huan, L. & Yazdanifard, R. (2012). The Differences of Conflict Management Styles and Conflict Resolution in Workplaces. Business & Entrepreneurship Journal. 1(1), 141-155.
The theory has generated various studies from different disciplines such as developing frameworks for nurse resilience (Turner & Kaylor, 2015), complex adaptive systems (Florczak, Poradzisz, & Hampson, 2012), quantitative research on Neuman’s lines of defense and resistance (Gigliotti, 2012), medieval metaphor in simulation debriefing (McClure & Gigliotti, 2012), and developing assessment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting through NSM (Bourdeanu & Dee, 2013). There are a lot of current studies today that continually use NSM into developing new middle-range theories to guide education, research and practice which suggest a growth and change within disciplines. In addition, the value of Neuman’s theory is most applicable in a world that is ever-hanging. Because the world is in constant evolution, various ways of assessing primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention to risk factors are significant to nursing practice. NSM will advance a global agenda for wellness that prevent further complications and increase client satisfaction (Lowry, Beckman, Gehrling & Fawcett, 2007, p. 227). Helping clients achieve an optimal stability with NSM-guided nursing practice is also accomplished by fostering global and national collaboration among various disciplines. Furthermore, it is predicted that by 2050, an increase in wide dichotomy in interpersonal connection will exist. Because of this, nurses guided by NSM are keys to
For years organic farmers and conventional farmers have feuded over which is superior. Organic farmers argue that their product is more eco-friendly because they do not use the synthetic chemicals and fertilizers conventional farmer’s use. Conventional farmers argue that their product is healthier and yields more. People tend to have stereotypes regarding the two types of farmers. Organic farmers are usually thought of as liberal, hippy, tree-huggers while conventional farmers are usually thought of as right-wing, industrialists. Obviously, some do adhere to this stereotype, but a majority of these farmers are normal, hardworking people. Although these farmers, both believe in their methods, one is no better than the other. There are advantages and disadvantages to both, but there is no true superior method of crop farming.
Albinism is a very serious disease that could end up in death. Albinism is a recessive inherited defect in melanin, which is metabolism in which pigment is absent from skin, hair, and eyes. Albinism in hair, skin, and eyes is called oculocutaneous albinism. Humans that have oculocotaneous albinism are not able to produce melanin. These people have white, yellow, or yellow brown hair, very light ( usually blue ) eyes, and very pale skin. Their eyes may appear pink because they have very little pigment.
the theories, and the techniques dealing with Christian and secular counseling will require different tactics and approaches for it to be effective