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Social learning theory and aggression
Reasons for aggression in social psychology
Reasons for aggression in social psychology
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Recommended: Social learning theory and aggression
Aggression
Aggression is defined as the overt behavior with the intention of inflicting harm upon another individual. There are various types of aggression such as defensive, impulsive, maternal, dominance related aggression, and various other types. There are two changing view of aggression: the individual and relational model. The individual model accounts for the various factors that act on the individual that influences aggression and emphasizes the idea that any individual can be aggressive under proper conditions. In contrast, the relational model claims that aggression is a component of competition and negotiations. Much like other feelings, there are proper circumstances that individuals will present their aggression depending on the social norms,
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Aggression is dependent on the individual’s thoughts and goals or certain social situations. Some functions of aggression may have been useful or acceptable in animals or in the past, however many of these forms have become less desirable in society depending on the level of aggression and context. For example, in times of survival, the goal to use physical force to take resources from others. Sometimes aggression may be used against same-sex rivals for the access to the same resources or the competition for mates. Men and women both derogate their same-sex rivals, impugning their status and reputation to make them less desirable to members of the other sex.
However, these reasons may not be acceptable in society, such as being physically aggressive towards a spouse to deter them from sexual infidelity. Adaptive aggression emphasizes the protection of integrity and survival; however, maladaptive is not aimed at protection kin or self-defense.
Maladaptive Nature of
In a study conducted by Barratt, Stanford, Dowdy, Liebman, and Kent (1999), a group of 216 college students were asked to evaluate their own aggressive acts with a self-report survey. The resulting aggressive acts committed were divided into the two categories of impulsive and premeditated aggression. Impulsive aggression was frequently followed by feelings of remorse and confusion after
Nurture brings out the aggressive behaviour in humans. Mikal Gilmore’s book, Shot in the Heart, correlates with the aspect of aggressive behaviour nurture because of how he turned out unlike the other four, who did not have a this ability to kill. The nurture of a child into adulthood develops and creates the aggressive behaviour within the environment. The aggressive behaviour can be found in every human, but it is not until the cognitive development of a child that the aggressive behaviour can start to form and become overpowering. Though the basis of aggression is found in people it is not until a child is exposed to an aggressive
Aggressive individuals often act in ways that will result in having personal gain, rather than focusing what impact they have on others. Aggression is pervasive. It affects the rich as well as the poor, the upper and lower classes, it defines us. This means that most sole individuals will behave in certain ways to promote their well being, instead of how they affect others. Michael Crichton uses characters in Jurassic Park to portray the negative physical, social and intellectual impact they can have on society. This is evident in everyday life because society has molded individuals into looking out for their well being with no considerations of the impact that it has on others.
Campbell, A. (1993). Cultural Lessons in Aggression. Men, Women, and Aggression: From Rage in Marriage to Violence in the Streets – How Gender Affects the Way We Act. New York. Basic Books, 1-18.
This also leads into the fact that people interpret male violence and aggression as natural. They’ll pin it as something hardwired from ‘the hunter-gatherer days’. Often times they’ll also blame it on media violence, such as graphic video games, movies and TV shows. This is something much broader than that.
One of the most researched topics in the history of psychology is aggression. One goal of social scientists has been to define aggression. Some believe that aggression is biologically preprogrammed, others look toward situational factors and this study suggests that aggression is learned. This study was conducted by Albert Bandura and his associates in 1961 at Stanford University. The researchers proposed that the children be exposed to adult models with either aggressive or nonaggressive ways, they would then be tested without the models present to determine if they would imitate that aggression they observed in the adult.
The different levels of aggression in a certain situation is based on the person maturity in my case. Certain individuals will be more mature in a situation and in other situations that may break them to a point of no return may act out in a way that may even be new to them. For example, A person may threaten to do something to the certain individual, but say that person was to threaten someone they love, maybe his/her mother, that person would probably be filled up with rage at the thought of that person hurting his/her mother. The state of your environment can affect the way you handle your aggression. Negative arousal is a way of getting into one’s mind. Once in the mind it uses probably the worst possible thought you have of the situation and because of that it will give a likely chance of an aggressive action.
The field of psychology has opened different hypothesis from a variety of theories with the aim of studying the behaviour of humans being as a result they concluded with five psychological perspectives. Behaviourist, Biological, Psychodynamic, Cognitive and Humanistic perspectives are the deduction after a depth study of mental activity associate to human behaviour. In this essay I will be comparing two psychological perspectives according to aggressive behaviour.
Why do so many children and adults have aggressive behavior? Could this be linked to nature or Nurture? Aggression could start at a young age and continue on until adulthood, and a significant issue can also prompt it. Sometimes the pressure of peers and the role model of parents can be a trigger to some negative behavior. Most individuals describe aggression as rage, fighting or committing a violent crime. But in reality not all types of aggression is negative, it can be used in the case of a dog guarding a home or a parent protecting their child. Some aggression becomes problematic when it intensifies to abnormal or violent. Many different circumstances in a person’s life can contribute to aggression. It has been linked to life changes like adding a new
After understanding the forms of aggression, one can slowly begin to understand relational aggression. Aggression is defined as behavior that is intended to harm others. Aggression can take many forms including physical violence, date violence, and criminal violence. Most have related aggression with the male physical violence or “beating up.” Most females have low or do not show any form of aggression; therefore, most people believe women to be the lesser aggressive sex. It is true that males are proven to be more aggressive than females, but not by far. This is depending on which form of aggression is being studied.
Proactive aggression proactive aggressive behavior is planned, calculated and have some motives other than harming someone, including death by using weapons, even bare hand. it is also physical in nature.
In all of these possibilities--instinct, heredity, hormones, or brain dysfunction--the aggression occurs without apparent provocation from the environment (although there is almost always a "target"). According to some of these theories, the need or urge to be aggressive is boiling within each of us and seeks opportunities to express itself. There is also clear evidence that alcohol consumption and hotter temperatures release aggression, but no one thinks there is something in alcohol or heat that generates meanness. The socialization process, i.e. becoming a mature person, involves taming these destructive, savage, self-serving urges that probably helped us humans survive one million years ago but threatens our survival today.
The first thing to look at is what human aggression is. It is defined as any behavior toward another individual that is carried out with the proximate (immediate) intent to cause harm (Anderson & Bushman 2002). Not to get confused with violence, all violent acts have aggression but not all aggressive acts are violent. For example kids often aggressive behavior towards each other but without the intent to hurt them. So now it’s time to look at the different types of aggression. Affective aggression (also labeled 'hostile' or 'emotional' is usually conceived as impulsive, thoughtless (that is, unplanned), driven by anger, having the ultimate motive of harming the target, and occurring in reaction to some perceived provocation. Instrumental aggression, in contrast, is usually conceived as a premeditated means of obtaining some goal other than harming the victim, being proactive rather than reactive, and resulting from cold calculation rather than hot affect. Impulsive aggression is usually conceived as thoughtless (automatic, fast, and without consider...
Freud believes that aggression is a primal instinct, and civilization thwarts this instinct, making man unhappy. Civilized society controls man's tendency toward aggression through rules and laws and the presence of authority. These mechanisms are put in place to guarantee safety and happiness for all individuals in a society. However, the necessity of suppressing the aggressive drive in m...
In order to tackle the issue of gender based violence, one must first understand the root of the issue. According to Peterson and Runyan, gender refers to the socially learned behavior and expectations that distinguish between masculinity and femininity. However, sex identity is known as the genetic and anatomical characteristics. Meanwhile, socially learned gender is an acquired identity gained through performing predetermined gender roles. Understandably, Society places different values on masculine and feminine behaviors. Gender has now become the basis for relations of inequality and is a powerful lens that we all use to experience and organize reality.