African American Integration and Independence

Boston: Houghton Mifflin. July, R. W. (1970). A History of the African people. New York: Scribner. Kucich, J.

Over the next several years, forty-seven African countries attained independence from colonial rule. Many circumstances and events had and were occurring that led to the changes to which he was referring. The decolonization of Africa occurred over time, for a variety of complex reasons, but can be broken down into two major contributing factors: vast changes brought about in the world because of World War II and a growing sense of African nationalism. The colonization of Africa officially began in 1884 with the Berlin Conference. Western European powers began to split up the land and resources in Africa among themselves.

P. 199 9 Davidson, Basil. Black Man's Burden:  African and the Curse of the Nation-State. New York Times Books; 1992. P. 181 10 Ake, Claud. Democracy and Development in Africa.

Halladay, Eric. The Emergent Continent: Africa in the Nineteenth Century. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1972. July, Robert W. A History of the African People. New York: Charles Scribener's Sons, 1970.

The Fate of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence. New York: PublicAffairs, 2005.

According to Robin Cohen, South African apartheid was based on four basic premises: “white monopoly of political power, the manipulation of space to achieve racial segregation, the control of black labor, and urban social control” (qtd. in Massie 385). Apartheid was widely supported by powerful nations, including the United States. However, the validity of the arguments and actions that those supporters used was questionable and not based in fact. History The brief history on South African apartheid that follows is essential to understanding the whole picture.

Problems in the History of Colonial Africa, 1860-1960. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Seitz, Steven (1991, January-April). The military in black African politics. Journal of Asian and African Studies, v26 n1-2, pp. 61(15).

5 March 2000 http://newsweek.com/nw-srv/printed/us/in/a4881-2000jan9.htm. McLynn, Frank. Hearts of Darkness: The European Exploration of Africa. New York:  Carrol & Graf, 1993. 227-252.

The novel sheds light on traditional European colonial notions African savagery, the inferiority of African people as sub-human and commodities, and—at the same instant—presents the post-colonial perspective of the archetypical American Negro serving as a “middle man” between Europeans and Africans. The Middle Passage presents very clearly the traditional European held notion of African savagery. In essence, everything about African people such as their religious views, cultural practices, and physical make reveals their lack of civility and class in relation to the western world. Of the most notable European notions about African religi... ... middle of paper ... ... of the colonial mentalities and post-colonial perspectives into the Middle Passage. In doing so, he highlights, indirectly, the philosophical position of the West in relation to African beliefs considered pagan and perhaps savage.

Harper & Brothers, 1962. Franklin, P. Vincent. ed. New Perspectives on Black Educational History. Boston: Mass., 1978.