AERODYNAMICS AND THE FACTORS AFFECTING FLIGHT
Aerodynamics, is a branch of Fluid dynamics concerned with studying the motion of air, particularly when it interacts with a solid object, such as an airplane wing. Aerodynamics is a sub-field of fluid dynamics and gas dynamics, and many aspects of aerodynamics theory are common to these fields. The term aerodynamics is often used synonymously with gas dynamics, with the difference being that "gas dynamics" applies to the study of the motion of all gases, not limited to air.
Air flows over and under the wings of an airplane as it moves forward. The wings are designed to make the air travelling over the top surface move faster than the air moving below the wing, and this has the effect of lifting the wing up.
Understanding the motion of air around an object (often called a flow field) enables the calculation of forces and moments acting on the object. In many aerodynamics problems, the forces of interest are the fundamental forces of flight: lift, drag, thrust, and weight. Of these, lift and drag are aerodynamic forces, i.e. forces due to air flow over a solid body. Calculation of these quantities is often founded upon the assumption that the flow field behaves as a continuum. Continuum flow fields are characterized by properties such as flow velocity, pressure, density and temperature, which may be
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Continuing progress in airfoil design is likely in the next few years, due in part to advances in viscous computational capabilities. One example of an emerging area in airfoil design is the constructive use of separation. The examples below show the divergent trailing edge section developed for the MD-11 and a cross-section of the Aerobe, a flying ring toy that uses this unusual section to enhance the ring's
The history of flying dates back as early as the fifteenth century. A Renaissance man named Leonardo da Vinci introduced a flying machine known as the ornithopter. Da Vinci proposed the idea of a machine that had bird like flying capabilities. Today no ornithopters exist due to the restrictions of humans, and that the ornithopters just aren’t practical. During the eighteenth century a philosopher named Sir George Cayley had practical ideas of modern aircraft. Cayley never really designed any workable aircraft, but had many incredible ideas such as lift, thrust, and rigid wings to provide for lift. In the late nineteenth century the progress of aircraft picks up. Several designers such as Henson and Langley, both paved the way for the early 1900’s aircraft design. Two of the most important people in history of flight were the Wright Brothers. The Wright Brothers were given the nickname the “fathers of the heavier than air flying machine” for their numerous flights at their estate in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Orville and Wilbur Wright created a motor-powered biplane in which they established incredible feats of the time. The Wright Brothers perfected their design of the heavier than air flying ma...
The book Flight written by Sherman Alexie is about a 15 year old part Native American
Q: 5. Use the Chromosome tool to determine the genotype(s) of dragons that have no wings.
First of all you will have to understand the principles of flight. An airplane flies because air moving over and under its surfaces, particularly its wings, travels at different velocities, producing a difference in air pressure, low above the wing and high below it. The low pressure exerts a pulling influence, and the high pressure a pushing influence. The lifting force, usually called lift, depends on the shape, area, and tilt of the wing, and on the speed of the aircraft. The shape of the wing causes the air streaming above and below the wing to travel at different velocities. The greater distance over which the air must travel above the curved upper surface forces that air to move faster to keep pace with the air moving along the flat lower surface. According to Bernoulli’s principle, it is this difference in air velocity that produces the difference in air pressure.
I begin the second theme with the last two stanza’s of Bob Dylan’s 1962 song Blowin’ In The Wind. The symbolism that the answer to situations is out there in the wind and why are we not listening represents what some of my participants expressed. Yet, though expressing the sentiment that the larger society knows what schools need to achieve equity, the equity school leaders in this paper did not remain silent. They took action. In the following I will describe the sentiment of the school leaders and the actions they have taken to move their schools toward equity. Due to spacing I will only focus on a few principals. Equity school leaders seek external funding to supplement what the district gives them and they create partnership with organizations
For a plane to create lift, its wings must create low pressure on top and high pressure on the bottom. However, at the tips of the wings, the high pressure pushes and the low pressure pulls air onto the top of the wing, reducing lift and creating a current flowing to the top. This current remains even after the wing has left the area, producing really awesome vortices.
What is aerodynamics? The word comes from two Greek words aerios concerning the air, and dynamis, meaning powerful. Aerodynamics is the study of forces and the resulting motion of objects through the air. Humans have been interested in aerodynamics and flying for thousands of years, although flying in a heavier-than-air machine has been possible only in the last hundred years. Aerodynamics affects the motion of a large airliner, a model rocket, a beach ball thrown near the shore, or a kite flying high overhead. The curve ball thrown by big league baseball pitchers gets its curve from aerodynamics.
Now To talk about the forces that allow the car to move. There are two main aerodynamic forces acting on any object moving through the air. Lift is a force that acts 90° to the direction of travel of an object. Usually we think of lift when we think of an airplane. The plane travels forward (horizontally), and lift acts 90° to that motion of travel –
Human blunder by two pilots drove straightforwardly to a stuffed traveller plane transforming into a solidified "flying tomb" before it smashed - killing each of the 121 on load up, the official report has concluded. It accuses the pilots for neglecting to detect the notice signs that prompted the disaster in which the Boeing 737-300 carrier was hit by a cataclysmic loss of internal compression and oxygen supply. This moved the plane toward a "flying tomb" at 34,000 feet as travellers were solidified to their seats by temperatures of less 50c. A steward battled frantically to spare the stricken plane after he found the pilot and co-pilot unconscious. But after he too was conquered, the Cyprus-construct Helios Airways plane furrowed in light of for almost two hours on auto-pilot before coming up short on fuel and colliding with mountain 25 miles north of Athens on August 14 last year.
Air pressure can be defined as the impact air has against all the surfaces the molecules of air touches, and is measured in Pascals – one Newton per square
From Fig.1, using the NACA data, the higher the Reynold number the air has, the further they can extend on the linear region. The linear region has a gradient of 2π and the lift coefficient of zero angle of attack is 0.2 which shows that NACA 2415 aerofoil is a positive cambered foil. A high Reynold number suggest a high velocity flow or less viscous fluid which carries a higher momentum. The Reynold number of the air is at least 20 times lower than all NACA data. It therefore has a lower momentum to push the separation point back to the trailing edge when the angle of attack increases. As it has a lower velocity, the pressure of fluid across the aerofoil is higher than the NACA result. The area of boundary layer will then increase due to continuity equation, it is easier for the separation to happen. The
Activity #1 FLIGHT A kid named Zits who lives in Seattle, is only fifteen years old. He’s tall, skinny, ugly, and sometimes mean. He also has forty-seven zits and that’s where he gets his name from. Zits is Irish, Indian and is a foster child.
Wings create lift for the upward force of an airplane. A great example of how this happens is sticking your hand out of a car window driving down the freeway. The force on your flat palm causes a force that can lift your hand up or down by changing the
where p is the density of the fluid (in runner’s case: air); v is the velocity of the runner; A is the cross-sectional area perpendicular to the runner’s velocity; and D is the dimensionless quantity called the drag coefficient.
On a more scientific note I am interested in mechanics of fluids. This interest was enforced last year when I had the opportunity to attend a lecture on fluid mechanics at P&G. At the conference I greatly expanded my knowledge regarding the physical aspect of fluids and their properties. In last year's AS course we have met a topic in this field. I will be applying ideas and knowledge gathered from last year for this investigation.