Programming Domains
When programming languages were initially designed, a particular domain was kept in mind for defining programming languages. The details of these different domain covering programming languages are provided below:
• Scientific Applications: Scientific programming utilises programming to solve different types of problems focused on Science, Mathematics and areas related to research. This involves use of arithmetic on real numbers, arrays/matrices, and "counting" loops. FORTRAN is one of the earliest programming languages, which was conceptualised to help build scientific applications.
• Business Applications: Business-centric applications focuses on aspects like decimal arithmetic and produces elaborate reports or outputs,
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It can be measured based on the relative ease and speed with which programs can be created. It depends on the following set of attributes: o Simplicity and Orthogonality: Simplicity provides a small number of primitive constructs and orthogonality provides the consistent set of rules for combining them. o Support for abstraction: It allows programmer to define and use essential features and allow implementation details to be ignored. This is a key concept in modern language design. o Expressivity: In certain scenarios, by making use of operators we can express a logic or condition using a limited or minimal lines of code.
• Reliability: This aspect measures the stability and the reliability of program under the different type of complex scenarios without failing or performing incorrectly. It depends on the following set of attributes: o Type checking: This refers to testing for type errors, either during compilation or execution. o Aliasing: Presence of two or more distinct methods that refer to the same memory cell. This is a dangerous thing. It affects other evaluation factors also. o Readability and writability: The languages which do not support algorithms naturally get impacted on
Simplicity: a theory should be simple in it’s explanation and should bring order to phenomena which would not exist or be taken into consideration without the theory; in other words, it should be the basis of the phenomena.
Jackson, F., and Pettit, P., 1990, 'Program Explanation: a general perspective', Analysis, vol. 50, pp. 107-117.
What do you think are the main advantages of specifying a computer-based system by means of such a structured specification?
Fortran is one of the thousands of different programming languages. A programming language is a set of grammatical rules or guidelines for a compiler to follow. A compiler is a program that converts a programming language into what is called the object code, which is usually binary. Object code is code that the computer or program can understand. Basically, programming languages are for us to be able to create programs and control a computer in a simpler way instead of using what the computer understands, object code. There are different levels of programming languages; the main ones being human language, high-level language, assembly language, and machine language. Human language is the various programming languages we use such as C++, Java, HTML, CSS, and Fortran. High-level language is simpler than human language, however, more complex than the languages that the computer itself understands. Assembly language and machine language are similar. The difference between these two languages is that machine language consists of only numbers while in assembly language, names can be substituted for numbers. Each central processing unit has its own distinctive machine language that it understands. No matter what type of language you use, your program eventually gets converted all the way down to machine language so the computer can understand it. This is where compilers come in. The reason there are so many different programming languages is because each and every one has its benefits and cons. Some languages create programs that are good for handling numerical data, such as Fortran, while others are used for complex object oriented programs. The type of language used depends on three main components; the type of program being written, t...
Programming languages are classified by its programming paradigms these can be either procedural, object oriented or event driven. However some programming languages can support more than one programming paradigm, java is a good example of it as it supports both procedural and object oriented programming.
The COBOL programming language is typically used in large scale databases in banks and insurance companies. Today, COBOL is rarely used to write new software applications. It has been replaced by the C/C++ programming language, but up until the 80’s all business software was written using COBOL. This includes but is not exclusively accounting, payroll, and large bank applications. COBOL is still used today due to the high cost of upgrading software, and recent studies show that as many as twelve million COBOL applications are still used today.
On May 28, 1959, the Conference of Data Systems Languages (CODASYL) met for the first time with the idea of developing a universal language for building business applications. That language was COBOL. By 1960, COBOL was commercially ready, and for the next 20 years, more programs were written in COBOL than in any other language. Influenced by FORTRAN, a programming language for the scientific community, and FlowMatic, the group recognized the growing needs of the business community. They thought that if the scientific programmers were going to get a single language, they could do the same for business. In April 1959, at an informal meeting at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, a small group of computer manufacturers, large users and academics asked the Department of Defense (DOD) to head the efforts (The Creation of COBOL,Brandel). The next month, the DOD called the first meeting of CODASYL, which consisted of eight computer manufacturers and a few large users. The DOD broke CODASYL into several committees, and by June, the nine member “short-range committee” was asked to undertake a six-month investigation into developing the language. DOD made COBOL mandatory for all suppliers of computing hardware and software who were bidding of defense procurements (Encyclopedia of Comp.Sci.,page350). This pressure resulted in persuading other suppliers to adopt COBOL also and thus the programming language took off.
Object orientated programming or OOP is a form of programming in which developers describe not just the type of data of a data arrangement, but the kinds of functions or operations as well that can be utilized to the exacting data arrangement within the construction. Procedural programming is a programming style where operations are written in order and called in other parts of the plan, in that a modification in programming to one operation affects any code that is called by that operation. Object oriented programming does not just protect data, but it makes it easier to work with and organized as well (Phillips, 2010). It is a lot simpler to operate with a self
Complexity of a program has often accompanied simplicity of form like early Le Corbusier. More recent explanation for the simplicity in architecture, are various expansions of Mies Van der Rohe, contradictory “Less is more”. In response to Mies van der Rohe’s famous proclamation, Venturi replied: “Less is a bore.”
This makes it easier to change the code as programmers are encouraged to place code in different classes rather than just one so it is less directly accessible by the computer system. Unlike procedural programming which uses an algorithm, object oriented programming is made simpler to code. Examples of a object oriented language would be C++, Java and Microsoft Visual Basic.
Ritchie, D.M. 2003. The development of the C language. Bell Labs/Lucent Technologies. Retrieved 10/12/04 from http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/chist.html
object oriented programming can be traced back to a language called Simula, and in particular Simula 67, which was popular during the 1960s.
Under the rapid revolution of technologies, great convenience is provided to everyone around the world. Students nowadays are typically exposed to computing. As the modern technologies such as computers, smartphones, and tablets are becoming part of our everyday life, writing computer programs to solve problems is becoming a basic skill for all students. And the fundamental of these computing and modern technologies is called C language. This paper will explore the history of the C programming language and analyse its influence towards the modern technologies.
The field of Computer Science is based primarily on computer programing. Programming is the writing of computer programs using letters and numbers to make "code". The average computer programer will write at least a million lines of code in his or her lifetime. But even more important than writting code, a good programer must be able to solve problems and think logicaly.