Fly Ash Fly ash is a by-product of coal from power stations. It helps to improve the durability of concrete. Through the observation under the SEM test, It can be noticed that the fly ash sample consists of almost regular spherical or cenospheres particles ranging 2 um to 14 um in diameter (Ismail et al., 2007). This is due to the fact that fly ash is produced by fusing small and light particles that remain suspended in the burning chamber but are captured afterwards by electrostatic filtration equipement (Rivera et al., 2013). The huge particle size of fly ash enables it to be ball mill again in order to reach a smaller particle size. Based on past research, the binding of OPC with fly ash increases the compressive strength due to the denser …show more content…
From a research carried out by Ahmaruzzaman (2010), bituminous coal fly ash consists of principal components namely silica, alumina, iron oxide and calcium with various amount of carbon as measured by the loss of ignition (LOI) whereas, lignite and sub-bituminous have higher concentrations of calcium and magnesium oxide with reduced percentages of silica and iron oxide as well as low carbon content. Class F fly ash is pozzolonic in nature because it contains 20% lime (CaO) and they requires a cementing agent which is OPC, quicklime or hydrated lime with the presence of water in order to react and produced cementitious compounds (Zode, n.d.). Since bituminous fly ash has lower amount of calcium than sub-bituminous, it is a class F fly ash. Class C fly ash usually has cementitious properties as well as pozzolanic properties due to free lime, but Class F is rarely cementitious when mixed with water alone (Ismail et.al., 2007). Therefore, sub-bituminous and lignite is a type of fly ash that is class C.
Besides reducing the usage of cement in concrete, there are several other advantages of using fly ash as supplementary cementitious materials. First of all, it acts as a water reducer. Water can be reduced up to 20%, depending on the quality of fly ash as well as the amount of cement replaced and therefore, act as a superplasticizing admixture when used in high-volume (Mehta, 2004). Besides that, using fly ash makes concrete more workable. This is because the concrete gets more cohesive and the occurrence of costly segregation decreases when less amount of water is needed for the same slump (Bremseth,
On December 22, 2008 in Roane County, Tennessee, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Kingston Fossil Plant had a dike rupture releasing more the 5.4 million cubic yards of coal ash into the Emory River. There were no recorded deaths or serious injuries , but the surrounding ecosystem was affected severely. The ash slurry contained heavy metals such as arsenic, barium, chromium, mercury, nickel and many more, all of which were released directly into water the ways. Preliminary tests of drinking water showed that the toxins did not affect it, however later individual organizations tests show high amounts of arsenic and other toxins in the water. Officials say that the discrepancy is due to original water test being done before the polluted water had a chance to reach Tennessee Valley Authority, water treatment plant. Authorities claim that the reason for the dam failure was due to the high rain fall and subzero temperatures. However, local residents are saying that they’d observed leakages ever since the plant was opened, as well as...
Besides the known inventions and renovations of the Roman Empire, one of the building materials that the Roman Empire produced was concrete. With its strength, inexpensiveness and its easiness to work, the Roman Empire left an everlasting impact. Concrete that is a mixture of aggregate, which is usually gravel, sand or small stones, binding agents, and water is used to construct buildings and infrastructure. The first one, aggregate, gives the product its mass while the second one, binding agents, is used to harden the product. In the early times of the history, limestone powder was usually used as a binding agent in the mixture. The Romans later used “pulvis puteolanus” (pozzolanic ash), which was a fine volcanic ash as a binding agent and it allowed Romans to have strong concrete that is also durable (Yegeul, n.d.). It was easy to use
Coal Combustion Residue, or coal sludge, is the byproduct of burning coal in order to make energy. It is a combination of fly ash, bottom ash, coal slag, and flue gas. According to the watchdog group “sourcewatch.org” the ...
The purpose of this experiment was to find the physical and chemical properties of many different substances. The physical and chemical properties of: Sulfur (S), Iron fillings (Fe), Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), Sucrose (C12H22O11), Sand (SiO2), Magnesium (Mg) and Sodium chloride (NaCl) were all recored. While observations where made about: Iron fillings mixed with Sulfur with and without a magnet, Magnesium both burnt and unburnt, Magnesium (ash and unburnt) mixed with Hydrochloric acid, Sodium bicarbonate with Hydrochloric acid, burned Sucrose and its solubility, Sodium chloride mixed with sand and
Death – the mystifying master of non-discrimination; something that touches all of humanity in the most melancholic ways. Typically as a whole, instead of embracing our inevitable demise, society fears death. Society is what makes death “mystifying”. Despite the fear of the unknown, people often have questions about death – yet most people don’t like to talk about it, let alone be around it willingly. Furthermore, very few people actually pursue their questions and/or curiosities about death. Those who do are a rare few that we can’t help but question their choices sometimes. In her memoir, “Smoke Gets in Your Eyes: And Other Lessons from the Crematory”, Caitlin Doughty recounts the early beginnings of her fascination of all things macabre, as well as career as a mortician with a lighthearted – yet dark – humorous view that somehow lifts the veil of death and what happens to “us” (i.e. our bodies) after death, as well as the practices of morticians and funeral homes.
ash was boiled for 5 minute with 25ml distilled water by covering the crucible with a watch-glass on water bath then cooled. The watch-glass was rinsed with 5 ml of distilled water and this liquid was added in to the crucible. The % of remaining content was deducted from initial % of ash taken (i.e. 100%) to determine the water soluble ash value.
Secondhand smoke has the identical damaging chemicals that those who smoke breathe in. There’s no easy point of contact for secondhand smoke.
Several complex formulas were derived to calculate gas flow, pressure inside the porous particle, oxygen diffusion, rate of carbon consumption inside the particle, equilibrium of the homogeneous reaction, temperature variation, kinetic equation of the heterogeneous reaction, dependence of low-rate combustion, continuity, pressure during combustion, oxygen diffusion, and the temperature dependence of the rate of oxygen reaction with carbon (Gremyachkin). The major results of this study was how someone can obtain the dependence of the internal surface combustion rate by using a lower activation energy. Gremyachkin learned a more accurate way to determine the combustion rate
Coal is one of the world’s most abundant fossil fuels. Coal was formed during the Carboniferous Period when dead plant material was buried and subjected to high pressure and heat. Coal is classified by moisture content and composition. There are four d...
In commercial processing, the burning takes place in large concrete or steel silos with very little oxygen, and stops before it all turns to ash. It is said that the “procedure leaves black lumps and powder which is about 25% of the original weight. When ignited, the carbon in charcoal merges with oxygen and forms carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water, other gases, and significant quantities of energy.” It packs more potential energy per ounce than raw wood. Stated by Goldwyn that the char combust steadily, hot and it produces less smoke and lesser unhazardous
A STAGGERING 67 per cent of all street litter is smoker-generated, whether in the form of butts, packets or wrapping, according to Limerick County Council. And environmental education officer, Pauline McDonagh added that "it can take up to five years for a cigarette butt to disintegrate”. She also stressed that there is visible evidence that the smoking ban has increased litter in Limerick. To counteract this, the County Council is urging smokers to start using the portable ashtrays which are available free of charge from any Council office or library. The ashtrays are small plastic boxes with a snap-shut lid and they are designed to clip onto a belt, inside pocket or bag-pocket. Ms McDonagh explained that they work in the same way as a car ashtray. Each one can take up to 10 cigarettes and once they are closed all air is excluded and a butt extinguishes itself. Over 4,000 of these were distributed in advance of the smoking ban last year. But now, the Council wants to remind people to carry these portable ashtrays, or to pick one up if they don’t have one. Anyone dropping litter faces an on-the-spot fine of 125 euro, so this is another reason to call into your local area Council office or library to pick one up, she added. Last year, the Irish Business Against Litter association (IBAL) estimated that the smoking ban had increased the level of cigarette butts in public areas by some 20 per cent and called for the local authorities to step up enforcement. And Ms McDonough said that the smoking ban certainly has "pushed smokers outdoors, but the butts don’t just go away”. EXETER - Since Rhode Is-land became a smoke-free state on March 1; local businesses are feeling the affects to varying de-grees. Owners of Homestead Restaurant on South County Trail and Middle of Nowhere Diner on Route 3 are hoping to accommodate customers with outside smoking areas. Whereas, JPL’s Exeter Pub, on Route 3, is losing the bulk of its business and is in fear of closing, according to long-time bartender Linda Rostenkowski.
Concrete is a composite material used widely in the construction industry. Concrete is basically a mixture of cement, water, aggregates and admixture (sometimes). Cement is a fine gray powder that consists of oxidizes calcium, silicon and aluminum. The aggregate used is normally gravel, crushed stone or sand. Admixture is a solid or liquid substance that gives a certain characteristics of the concrete. The cement reacts with water chemically and binds the aggregates together through a process called hydration during hardening or curing of concrete. It means that water helps in the hardening of the concrete while the cement bind the aggregate and also react with water to form a solid mass.
Particle size influences many properties of particulate materials and is a valuable indicator of quality and performance. This is true for powders, suspensions, emulsions, and aerosols. The size and shape of powders influences flow and compaction properties..
Gardeners use dried peat moss usually as a soil conditioner or as an ingredient in potting the soil. It is slightly acidic with a pH Level of 4.0, thus, acid loving plants benefit greatly from it, such as blueberries and camellias. Dried peat moss (Sphagnum) is the partially decomposed remains of plants, most commonly sphagnum moss. It forms over many millennia in bogs, marshes, and swamps also known as peat lands or peat bogs and it often gains less than a millimeter in depth every year. However, unlike compost, peat moss forms in the absence of air. Thus, this slows the decomposition process and creates a homogeneous material that is highly absorbent of water, which makes it very useful in the garden as a soil builder and a seed starter.
Solid waste can be classified in different types, depending on their source, household waste is generally classified as municipal waste; industrial waste as hazardous waste or hospital waste as infections waste. It quite obvious that South Africa environment is deteriorated by the illegal dumping area that around here. Solid waste is a major problem this country is facing at the moment. The province that is experience this major problem is Gauteng province, this an urban area am taking about, and since it’s clear that over population is the cause of the problem. Gauteng province is an over populated than rural area .solid waste pollution is refuse or garbage that people use in their everyday life in their house, such as plastic