Administration intravenously via IV catheter is the usual method of delivery of blood transfusions. However, blood products may be intraosseous administered if venous access is unable to be obtained, this is most common in canine puppies. The standard blood transfusion set includes in-line-blood filters. All blood products, including plasma transfusions should be administered utilizing an in-line filter. The proper infusion pump for the blood product being transfused needs to be selected. Warming, prior to use of stored red cell products, is not required. However, if stored red cell products are being administered to very small animals or neonates, warming is advisable. A warm water bath is a preferred method to thaw plasma products prior to …show more content…
A total of 2 ml of transfused whole blood/kg will typically increase the recipient canine’s PCV by 1%. PCV elevation also depends on the following factors; concurrently administered other fluids or colloids, and ongoing blood loss.
The following are guideline transfusion rates; 10 to 22 ml/kg of whole blood is the typical transfusion volume most canine receipt will receive. And 6 to 12 ml/kg of fresh frozen plasma or packed red blood cells is the standard transfusion volume.1 In the event of emergency massive hemorrhage, blood products may be given as rapidly as possible.
To decrease viscosity, 100 ml of 0.9% saline may be utilized by the veterinary professional to re-suspend packed red cells prior to transfusion.
Cardiovascular status of the canine recipient will be a critical determining factor in the rate of administration of the blood product.
• Guideline initial transfusion rate, for the first 20 minutes, is typically 0.25 – 1.0 ml/kg/h.
• If the canine is tolerating the transfusion well, the guideline rate may be increased to a transfusion rate of 5-10ml/kg/h2. This rate will typically complete the transfusion within a 4 to 6 hours’ time
…show more content…
A complete blood count, blood pressure measurements, packed cell volume, and total protein should be continuously monitored after the beginning of transfusion.2 Careful monitoring will allow for immediate awareness and treatment of transfusion reactions as well as evaluation of transfusion
... matter in what phase the blood is in it can be tracked down. A small sample is also saved for further reference if needed. For the bags of red blood cells they must be refrigerated and kept between 4°C and 8°C if the temperature fall out of this range the cell will lose their integrity.
It is a closed system where the patient’s blood goes straight from the vein to the inside of the tube through the rubber stopper present at the entrance of the tube without the blood being open to the air. You can collect many tubes by using just a single venepuncture. There is three components required for the evacuated system: double pointed needle, plastic holder or adapter and evacuated sample tube. All constituents of the system ought to be from the same manufacturer to avoid difficulties with the correct needle fit and smooth placement and removal of tubes. The tubes used with the evacuated tube system for blood collection are known as evacuated tubes. With the evacuated tube, blood can be taken straight from the vein into the tube without exposing it to air (closed system). This reduces accidental contact with blood. These tubes have a preset vacuum based on the volume of the tube and the type and amount of additive used in the tube. When the rubber stopper of the tube is penetrated with the back-end of the needle in the needle/tube holder, blood is drawn into the tube from the vein by the vacuum. The vacuum in the evacuated tube permits the accurate amount of blood to go into it. Regardless of whether the anticoagulant in the anticoagulant tubes is a liquid, powder or spray on the inside of the tube, they must be allowed to fill to the finishing point. By not completely filling the
Harmening, D. M. (2005). Modern Blood Banking & Transfusion Practices. Philidelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company.
Credibility: A few years ago, my roommate Anna was desperate to find a new puppy. The easiest place for her to find one was an online site full of cute Pomeranian puppies. Although she really wanted to save a dog from a nearby shelter, she completely fell in love with a picture online of a beautiful brown and white Pomeranian puppy. Immediately Anna purchased the puppy online and ended up receiving the dog soon after. Paisley was a ball full of what seemed like healthy energy. Anna took great care of her and made sure she had everything a puppy needs. About three months Paisley started having seizures and was taken to the vet. The vet said that Paisley had a blood defect that was commonly seen in dogs that came from puppy mills. Sadly enough, Paisley had to be put down because she was in too much pain to recover.
According the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB), there are several standards available for this procedure. These standards are vital to help intervene when blood transfusion is needed. It provides clinical recommendations to educate and aware nurses the recent advances and technological innovations in planning and management of transfusion medicine. The standards are updated so nurses can be in compliance with best practices of how to manage blood transfusion to assure the proper approach to patient care. The standards are updated as new clinical trials are performed and show different techniques. There are other associations which enforce the same standards but have some clinical variations. (AABB, 2010)
Although blood transfusions had been used before the First World War, many were not successful due to lack of knowledge in this type of treatments. World War I pushed the development of blood transfusions, allowing them to be safer. Before the war in the 17th century, blood transfusions often occurred with the use of animal blood, a practice that did not achieve desired results. These transfusions often times came from sheep, and although they were sometimes successful, it was discovered that any large amounts of transfusions would cause death. Coming to the conclusion that animal blood transfusions did not save lives, scientists looked to humans for human to human transfusions. Many of these attempted transfusions were met with failure but in 1818, Dr. James Blundell accomplished the first successful human blood transfusion; four ounces of blood were transferred to the patient from her husband. From that moment on, doctors began to learn even more about blood transfusions and how to do them properly. By 1901, the four human blood groups were discovered by Karl Landsteiner; with less differences in the bloods transfused together, coagulation and clumping amounts decreased. This benefited many lives in that toxic reactions to the wrong types of blood did not occu...
In recent years there has been an increase awareness regarding the potential risk of blood transfusion leading to increase scrutiny of its use by health care providers. (6). Studies have shown that by 1990s, the transfusion for CS has decreased to 1.1-1.6 % (7, 8) in some centers but remained relatively high (5.2-6.8%) in others (9, 10).Review of the available literature shows that need for transfusion varies in various countries. (11-14)
Blood donations were being made on a regular basis come the 1900’s, yet the donator had to be present to give the blood directly to the recipient due to the accelerated coagulation of blood once it mixed with the open air. To rectify this problem hematologists started adding sodium citrate to the blood of the donator which would in turn delay the coagulation process by a few days. This allowed for the first storing of blood and introduced the term “Blood Bank”. Dr. Bernard Fantus, the director of the Cook County Hospital in northern Chicago, IL spearheaded this discovery. He thought by lowering the temperature of blood that it would lower its metabolism and thereby prolong its vitality. Unknowingly, Dr. Fantus created the first Blood Bank within the United States which would in turn change the course of medicine and human mortality forever. With this new leap forward in modern medicine, blood donations in the United Sates were at an all time high during the 20th Century due to WWI and WWII. Blood transfusions saved the life of countless individuals participating in the war efforts. The Red cross reported that they alone were “distributing 40 percent of the Countries blood supply”. Alongside aiding with the war efforts, blood transfusions also carried an array of health benefits as
In the field of therapy, there are numerous of therapy available out there for different type of individuals and situations as well. There is one type of therapy that usually contains people and animal, it is animal-assisted therapy is a therapeutic approach that brings animals and individuals with physical and/or emotional needs together to perform the therapy. Animal-assisted therapy tend to be focused on individuals either children or elderly for them to be able to connect with the animal thus feeling comfortable talking with the therapist. Pet therapy works for all ages, whether sick or not (Lanchnit, 2011). Although, this paper, most of the focus is on animal-assisted therapy towards children using dogs.
The veni-puncture must be successfully done in the first attempt. If circumstance happens that the first veni-puncture fails, the second veni-puncture must be carried out if and only if the patient allows. Eight (8) to twelve (12) minutes must be the total blood collection time, and if the blood collection time exceeds more than 12 minutes, the blood collection will no longer be used for platelet preparation. After the blood collection, post-donation care must be given to the blood donor. Blood donors must be given fifteen (15) minutes rest post-donation and must be provided with oral fluids and post donation
One of the risks associated with this type of transfusion arises from the storage of the blood known as transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM). Stored blood can develop non-soluble mediators that affect the body’s immunity. Thus, nurses should ensure the blood they intend to give patients was stored properly to guarantee its safety. In this way, they can lower the potential of infections during and after medical procedures, for instance, surgeries. Observing the recommended procedures of blood transfusions is especially important in pediatrics where the risk of hospital-related infections is significant (Muszynski,
I. It is estimated that in the United States, every three seconds a patient needs blood
...ilated. Through subcostal approach IVC diameter was measured at end inspiration(D max) and end expiration(D min) using echocardiography and distensibility index was calculated(dIVC=Dmax-Dmin/Dmin). Cardiac index(CI) measured using Doppler technique in pulmonary arterial trunk. Patients showing 15% increase in CI post volume infusion with 7ml/kg of plasma expanders were called as responders. A strong relation (r = 0.9) was observed between dIVC at baseline and the CI increase following blood volume expansion.
The Biomedical Scientists. "A Brief History of Blood Transfusion." - The Institute of Biomedical Science. IBMS, Nov. 2005. Web. 03 Dec. 2013.
Vebrugghe, A., G. P. J. Janssens, and M. Hesta. “Palatabilily Of Different Concentrations Of A Liquid Nutritional Supplement In Healthy Cats And Dogs Of Different Ages And Breeds.” Veterinární Medicína 57.6 (2012): 300-307. Academic Search Complete. Web. 28 Mar. 2014.