catalyst in the second stage. However, the use of extra catalyst increases the processing cost for the second stage. The use of heterogeneous catalyst does not yield soap. Most solid catalysts are alkali or coated alkaline oxides offering large surface area. However, this process requires higher pressures and temperatures than the homogeneous catalyzed process with an excess amount of methanol. [28] To overcome the limitations of acid- and base-catalyzed transesterification processes, a new method called noncatalyzed supercritical methanol transesterification process has been developed. This requires a very short time (only 4 min) for the completion of the transesterification process under supercritical conditions (temperature 350-400 °C and pressure …show more content…
It reduces dependency on Crude Oil. When Biodiesel is used in place of petrodiesel, it reduces the amount of crude oil used up. This means that it helps to reduce our dependence on a limited resource and increases our use of renewable resources. We think that's a great step toward reducing our dependence on a fuel that may not be around forever. 6. It's enjoyable to make. We think that making Biodiesel is one of the funniest things in the world to do. With a little practice and know-how it can easily be made and is extremely simple to do. We've found it to be an incredibly fulfilling experience. There's just something to be said for being able to make your own fuel and drive past a gas station and wave instead of pulling up for a fill-up. Words just don't describe the incredible feeling we get each time we make a batch. 7. It's good for the engine. Biodiesel, unlike Petrodiesel, has a much higher "lubricity" to it. This means that it's essentially "slipperier" than normal diesel fuel. With the added "lubricity" of Biodiesel, engines have been shown to experience less wear and tear when used on a regular basis. Also, because Biodiesel is less polluting, it means that it's easier on the engine. US Government Studies have shown that in some cases large fleets using Biodiesel have been able to go longer between oil changes because the oil stay's cleaner when Biodiesel is …show more content…
The experiments were performed in a temperature range between 80 and 160°C, in a batch reactor. The methanol/oil molar ratio in the reaction mixture and catalyst concentration ranges used were from 12:1 to 48:1 (mol/mol) and 3 12 (wt % of the initial vegetable oil mass) respectively. Calcined forms of the catalyst were tested. The catalyst was characterized with SEM, XRD, IR, and DTA-TG methods.Yong et al., [62] described the traditional acid and the new two-step catalyzed processes for synthesis of biodiesel expressed as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) were comparatively studied to achieve an economic and practical method for utilization of waste cooking oil (WCO) from Chinese restaurants. WCO samples with the acid value of 75.92±0.04mgKOH/g mixed with methanol were catalyzed under 95◦C for various reaction times, followed by methanol recovery under vacuum (10±1mmHg) at 50◦C with a rotational evaporation. FAME analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) was obtained directly from sulfuric acid catalyzed reaction in the traditional acid method, whereas in the two-step method it was produced from ferric sulfate (2.0%) catalyzed reaction followed by alkali (1.0% potassium hydroxide) transesterification. The conversion of free fatty acids of WCO into FAME in the two-step method was 97.22% at the reaction time of 4 h, mole ratio of methanol to TG of 10:1,
McCormick R, Graboski M, Alleman T, and Herring A. (2001). Impact of biodiesel source material and chemical structure on emissions of criteria pollutants from a heavy-duty engine. Environmental Science Technology, 35 (9): pp. 1742-1747.
No more filling guilty about filling up your tank and driving through cities and towns spreading the harmful fuels from your gas engine. Biofuels are known for burning much cleaner
Biofuels, fuels that provide energy using relatively recent organic sources, have been around just as long as cars have. In fact, the first cars ran on peanut oil. Henry Ford, founder of a multimillion dollar American car company, planned to fuel his massively successful Model T’s with ethanol (National Geographic 2013.) However, this revolutionary idea was swept under the rug when the discovery of massive petroleum deposits kept gasoline and diesel cheap and affordable. As 2014 rolls around, consumers are starting see that the amount of petroleum in the Earth is shrinking and the same story goes for their wallets (Avro 2012.) Not only does burning gas and diesel empty out the wallet, it is also slowly covering the Earth with a warm carbon dioxide blanket that causes global warming. Transportation, which is the third largest emitter of greenhouse gasses (Biofuel Association of Australia 2013), is dependent on finite amounts of gas and diesel for its energy needs so it is very important we move towards a more renewable and sustainable fuel source. Biofuels, both ethanol and biodiesel, have the potential to fuel transportation efficiently and drastically reduce the carbon footprint, thus reducing the warm blanket of carbon dioxide on the Earth.
When most people think of fossil fuel use, they think of personal transportation. There are many ways to reduce your transportation energy use. For short distances, walking and biking are healthy alternatives to using a fossil fuel using vehicle. In many areas, public transportation can also be an option. Electric cars are also an efficient alternative in the right areas. The biggest issue with electric cars is the ability to charge the vehicle away from home. Another concern with these vehicles is their limited driving range. Buying a diesel car to reduce your dependence on fossil fuels is another alternative. Diesels can run on biodiesel fuels or entirely from non-fossil fuel based ingredients. Most diesels require little or no mechanical conversion to run on biodiesel fuel, which is becoming more readily available at gas stations across...
Biodiesel is considered an environmentally friendly alternative because it reduces the amount many toxic substances. Plants such as soybeans require carbon dioxide from the air to produce their stems, roots and leaves. During biodiesel production from soybean oil, carbon dioxide is produced and released in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is considered a green house gas (GHG). However, this cycle of GHG emission does not neccersarily contribute to the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. This is because the next soybean crop will reuse the carbon dioxide emitted for its growth. Another important environmental benefit is that biodiesel reduces particulate matter (PM), hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. These benefits occur because biodiesel contains 11% oxygen by weight. Oxygen allows the fuel to burn better, resulting in fewer emissions from unburned fuel. And lastly, biodiesel fuels do not contain any sulfur and does not have an unpleasant smell when it is emitted from vehicles.
... is flaws there is many advantages such as The renewability of biofuels in which allow unlimited resources, The Economic rising and slowly decreasing Foreign oil dependency, and best of all, The overall healthier effect on the environment compared to fossil fuels. These key advantages are just as important the remember as their flaws. This is what science has achieved, a new world of possibilities and a vision of a new world with a new category of energy. Researchers continue to this very day, expanding their already existing knowledge of biofuels even further to find better solutions to the issues at hand, (The flaws) and with this shows the promise of a true innovating fuel source. With this promise, scientist have begun to find new products to make even superior biofuels than those that still exist, in order to eliminate potential and already existing issues.
... other solution to eliminate vehicles' emissions such as use bioethanol and biodiesel. Because this fuel has neutral Carbon atoms in its chemical form, the scientists named it biofuel (1). The researchers support using biofuel due to low Carbon emission that produce from burning this fuel. According to State of Connecticut's strategy, using biofuel will decrease dependence on fossil fuel by reducing its consumption by (20%) (7). Though many advantages of using biofuel in vehicles and industries, some researchers think that this strategy is very dangerous because it will utilize large agricultural area to make fuel instate of make food (1). They believe that this strategy will increase the price of vegetable oil in local markets (1). Moreover, burning biofuel produces solid Carbon (soot) to atmosphere and add another problem to earth's environment.
Base catalysts are highly sensitive to water content due to soap formation which makes separation difficult. Acid catalyst are used when the acid values of the non-edible oils are higher than the performance range of base catalysts. The acid value represents the number of acidic functional groups and is measured in terms of the quantity of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the acidic characteristics of the sample. The protonation of the carbonyl group of the ester promotes the formation of a carbocation, which after nucleophilic attack of the alcohol produces a tetrahedral intermediate. This intermediate will eliminate glycerol to form a new ester and to reform the catalyst. Acid-catalyzed transesterification are carried out in the absence of water. The problems with the use of these catalysts are: the requirement for more alcohol; slower reaction rates; higher reaction temperatures and pressures; reactor corrosion and environmental issues. Both homogeneous and heterogonous acid catalysts can be used for transesterification. The acid catalysts more commonly used include, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfonated organic acids. Due to the fact that the FFA content of neat edible oils is normally low but these oils are costly and conversion of too much edible oil into biodiesel may cause food crises, use
Biodiesel is a clean burning renewable fuel made by various mix of agricultural oils, recycled cooking oil and animal fats. It is intended to be used as a substitute for diesel fuel, or can be blended with diesel fuel in any proportion. Biodiesel can be used in almost any diesel engine with slight alteration and no damage to the engine. As it has lower toxicity and safer to handle compared to diesel fuel, it constructs green jobs and improving our environment.
In conclusion, biofuels are quickly becoming the future source of fuel to run vehicles and equipment. Biofuels has many disadvantages, but the advantages significantly outweigh them. Nobody has a definite answer on how to fix the growing fuel and oil crisis of today, but biofuels absolutely has promise.
Biodiesel is made by integrating vegetable fat, oil animal, or recycled cooking greases with alcohol (usually metha...
Coal and crude oil are non-renewable resources. They take an extreme amount of time to form and due to that, they cannot be replaced once they have all been used up. However, when it comes to the biofuels, they are produced from plant material and are renewable. There are two types of biofuels: Biodiesel, which is made from rapeseed oil and other plant oils and is used in diesel-powered vehicles without needing any modifications to the engine, and Bioethanol, which is a liquid fuel that burns quite well and is made by fermenting sugars from sugar cane, wheat and other plants. In this essay, whether or not biofuels are becoming an increasingly important alternative to traditional forms of energy under environmental and economic benefits and
These would be: the cost, the fact that there is an unlimited supply of resources to make the fuel with, it’s a renewable source that benefits our environment and it leads to economic stimulation and. First of all, the cost is an advantage since biofuels have to potential to be significantly less expensive than petroleum or any fossil fuel. This is possible due to the increasing worldwide demand for oil. Meanwhile, the supply for oil is diminishing, making biofuels more desirable whilst the prices are constantly fluctuating. Whereas fossil fuels are limited since they come from specific materials years ago, biofuels are renewable (since you can always produce more if it runs out) and can be manufactured from a variety of materials such as: crop waste, manure and other byproducts. This takes recycling to a new constructive level. Likewise, the amount of carbon emissions will also decrease drastically since when biofuels are used, they produce significantly less carbon and fewer toxins. This also makes them a safer alternative in order to preserve atmospheric quality and lower air pollution. In terms of economic stimulation, the economy will find stability as when using biofuels you can disregard afore mentioned fluctuating oil prices due to change in demand. This is because biofuels are produced locally. This will also lead to multiple job opportunities, resulting less unemployment, which is incredibly advantageous economically. Biofuel productions will also increase the demand for certain crops therefore, providing economic stability to the agriculture
The concept of this essay is to stress that biofuels are a viable and sustainable energy source than fossil fuels, showing its advantages but not ignoring its disadvantages which also enlightens us about the cleaner and renewable natural resources. Biofuels is an alternative source of energy which can end the global dependence on fossil fuels.
Firstly, biofuels have the potential to be less expensive than petrol and other fossil fuels. This is particularly true as worldwide demand for oil increases, and more sources of biofuels become apparent.