Introduction
Narco-Analysis
The word Narco-Analysis is derived from the Greek word narkç which means anesthesia. The narco analysis test is performed by commixing 3 grams of Sodium Pentothal or Sodium Amytal dissolved in 3000 ml of distilled water. Narco Test refers to the practice of administering Pentothal Sodium, to lower a person’s self- consciousness, in the hope that the person will more liberatingly share information and feelings. A person is able to lie by utilizing his imagination. In the narco Analysis Test, the person's self- consciousness is lowered by interfering with his nervous system at the molecular level. In this state, it becomes arduous though not infeasible for him to lie. In such slumber-like state efforts are made to obtain "probative truth" about the crime. A person is injected with hypnotics like Sodium Pentothal or Sodium Amytal by experts under the controlled circumstances of the laboratory. The dose is dependent on the person's sex, age, health, and physical condition. The person which is placed in a state of Hypnotism is not in a position to verbalize up on his own but can answer concrete but simple questions after giving some suggestions. The person is not in a position to verbalize up on his own but can answer categorical but simple questions. The answers are believed to be spontaneous as a semi-conscious person is unable to manipulate the answers.
The person can go into coma or even result in death due to Wrong dose. The rate of administration is controlled to drive the inculpated gradually into a hypnotic trance. The effect of the bio-molecules on the bio-activity of an individual is evident as the drug dejects the central nervous system, lowers blood pressure, and slows the heart rate, put...
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... DNA test. It cannot be verbally expressed to be affecting his fundamental right and is not infringement of his right to personal liberty enshrined under Art. 21 of Constitution. There is no question of compelling her to undergo DNA test arises. Without any DNA test conducted on mother, Test performed on petitioner father alone will prove that petitioner is father.
Conclusion:
Judiciary of India analyses that the Narco analysis test can be carried on with the consent of the inculpated or witness. It can not be used as evidence against a person because that will infringe Article 20(3) 0f constitution which enshrines right against self incrimination. DNA analysis is admissible as evidence in view if Indian judiciary. The Supreme Court decided various criminal cases like the Premanand Swami case, Rajiv Gandhi case, the Tandoor case by applying DNA technology.
The analysis of the samples should be used only to confirm or negate match between the sample taken from the crime scene fgand the sample taken from the suspect. That is, it should sdfremain as an identifgication tool only. There should be no further analysis of the DNA to suggest psychological characteristics that would make the suspect more likely to have cdfommitted the crime. This rule should apply also to samples taken from convicted dfdoffenders for a data vor dagta bank.
Deoxyribonucleic acid also known as the term we all use today DNA, has increased the chances of catching criminal behavior brought out on a crime more efficiently and accurately then ways that were used before the 1980s.DNA not only was used in crimes but also used to figure out biological factors such as the relationship between parents, children and siblings. Although DNA testing could be more accurately obtained with a higher certainty level in crime then an eye witness or confession. Is it against the US Constitution to obtain samples from those who are already in custody? This question rests in the decision of our US Supreme Court whether or not it is against a person’s right to legally take their DNA without consent
Since 2000,the television show called CSI: Criminal Scene Investigation has given the expectation that all cases are easy and fast to solve, as portrayed in the show. This notion has lead to the glorification of DNA profiling and the problem of cases being solely based DNA evidence and ruling out other factors. According to FBI- National DNA Index (NDI), in North Carolina alone over 2,967 cases have been "helped" using the DNA database (Federal Bureau Investigation,2016). DNA is something that should be a supplement to a case. It is not meant to be the only thing between innocence and guilty. DNA analysis is important to the criminal investigation process, but in recent research, it has been shown that cases are being victim to unfair DNA
DNA and how it is perceived in the boundless scientific world and how it is recognized throughout the constantly changing judicial system. From a scientific aspect, the discovery of DNA and its positive contributions has earned world-wide praise and acceptance. Paternity tests, locating genes linked to specific health problems, and tracing ancestry are just a few positive purposes. However, when genetics are factored into the judicial system by way of evidence the purpose changes. The purpose of evidence is to prove or disprove something. Evidence must adhere to specific standards set forth by higher courts. Those standards are put into place for fairness and equality. The standards for scientific evidence, particularly DNA evidence, were devised to ensure that it is valid and reliable. The reliability of evidence is based several factors but some of the important ones are the potential rates of error, the existence of maintenance and standards and whether or not they have been followed, the techniques and results that have been routinely admitted and peer reviewed, and other “fail-safe” characteristics. In addition, the Federal Rules of Evidence provide further rules and restrictions. Taking all of that into consideration and looking at the instances where DNA evidence was misinterpreted, mislabeled, produced coincidental matches and false positives, and failed to meet the criteria as valid and reliable, it is reasonable to conclude that DNA evidence can and will likely produce errors, thereby rendering it
Once a crime has been committed the most important item to recover is any type of evidence left at the scene. If the suspect left any Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at the crime scene, he could then be linked to the crime and eventually charged. A suspect’s DNA can be recovered if the suspect leaves a sample of his or her DNA at the crime scene. However, this method was not always used to track down a suspect. Not too long ago, detectives used to use bite marks, blood stain detection, blood grouping as the primary tool to identify a suspect. DNA can be left or collected from the hair, saliva, blood, mucus, semen, urine, fecal matter, and even the bones. DNA analysis has been the most recent technique employed by the forensic science community to identify a suspect or victim since the use of fingerprinting. Moreover, since the introduction of this new technique it has been a la...
DNA profiles can be used to identify individuals, allowing evidence to be used both as a means of convicting the guilty and as a means of exonerating the innocent. People can leave traces of their DNA at a crime scene because it is inside every cell of their body. DNA can be extracted from blood, semen, saliva or hair roots left at a crime scene using a chemical process. Tiny amounts of DNA can be extracted from a single cell – such as cells shed from someone’s skin when they touch an object. Police can also collect biological samples from suspects, usually by scraping some cells from inside their cheek. If the DNA profile from an individual matches the DNA profile from a crime scene it is therefore highly likely that the blood, semen or saliva left at the crime scene came from them. Also, in a paternity test, the mother’s DNA profile is compared with the child’s to find which half was passed on by the mother. The other half of the child’s DNA is then compared with the alleged father’s DNA profile. If they don’t match, the ‘father’ is excluded, which means he isn’t the father of that child. If the DNA profiles match, the ‘father’ is not excluded - which means there is a high probability that he is the father. In both of these cases, the DNA profile is much like a “genetic fingerprint”, and if there are records kept such as birth certificates and social security numbers, then DNA profiles make just as much sense to keep.
THESIS STATEMENT: Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder that has a specific medical definition, life-changing symptoms, and there are ways in how people treat it.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is an acclaimed extraordinary discovery that has contributed great benefits in several fields throughout the world. DNA evidence is accounted for in the majority of cases presented in the criminal justice system. It is known as our very own unique genetic fingerprint; “a chromosome molecule which carries genetic coding unique to each person with the only exception of identical twins (that is why it is also called 'DNA fingerprinting ')” (Duhaime, n.d.). DNA is found in the nuclei of cells of nearly all living things.
2011). Hypnotic interviewing has been replaced by an alternative investigative interviewing called the cognitive interview. When used appropriately, the cognitive interview does not excessively influence incorrect responses and susceptibility to leading questions (Wagstaff et al. 2011). Applying hypnotic methods may help create relaxed and passive mode, which may help facilitate memory for certain kinds of material. Creating this atmosphere may help the client remember a face (Wagstaff et al. 2011). Components of hypnosis, such as eye closure, may help to reduce the distractions and aid with the production of visual and auditory imagery. According to Wagstaff et al. (2011), very brief focused meditation technique combined with eye closure may significantly enhance memory for both auditory and visual material without increased errors (Wagstaff et al. 2011). This may potentially provide a practical and reliable alternative to the longer and time consuming method of the cognitive interview. Although it may be useful to use the hypnotic methods as a brief memory facilitator for police procedures, it is important to note that it is less effective than a full cognitive interview
2)Strassman, R. Human Hallucinogenic Drug Research: Regulatory, Clinical and Scientific Issues. Brain Res. 162. 1990.
The question is should the United States of America require all of its citizens to submit DNA fingerprinting samples. Some citizens will say it is a good idea because it will make it easy to identify persons of interest. For example, the US Department of Defense maintains a database of over one million DNA samples for use in identifying the remains of armed forces members. (Johnson, 2004). Ethically DNA database usage could borderline invasion of privacy; examples of governments that tried to enforce such strict censuses on their citizens plague history and besmirch the concept of a DNA database at its core. Experts in the field of law argue over the use of genetic information as a means of surveillance with claims that DNA databases violate
Forensic DNA analysis is used frequently in this day of age. Technology and equipment have given us a lead on investigations such as murders, human trafficking, and kidnapping since 1985. Not only can our technology help us with enormous investigations, but also it helps the community in eliminating all the he said and she said daily dilemmas. The world’s technology has helped us with these situations by detecting peoples DNA to help us find out information on these traumatic and horrific events and how they occurred. Forensic DNA analysis is detecting peoples DNA and examining it with the scientific technology for the use of evidence of a crime that occurred.
The altered states of consciousness produced by drugs presents an all-to-common phenomenon in today’s society. Whether the desired sensation comes in the form of energy, a means of relaxation, or pain reduction, many people go to great lengths and present their bodies to threatening conditions in order to achieve this euphoric “high.” Unfortunately, the use of these drugs very often comes with dangerous side effects that users must learn to manage with for the rest of their life. According to neuroscientists, our entire conscious existence bases itself off of the lighting-fast reactions occurring in our nervous system (Nichols, 2012). Therefore, changing these neurological reactions can permanently effect our conscious being (Blatter, 2012). The physical and neurological effects from the use and abuse of stimulants, sedatives, hallucinogens, organic solvents, and athletic performance enhancing drugs will be discussed in order to better comprehend why certain individuals expose themselves to such dangerous materials with seemingly no regard to the permanent consequences associated with such actions.
The process of gathering evidence largely depends on the role of discretion by the police. Once police have decided to pursue a reported crime, they then begin the process of gathering evidence. To ensure that the process of gathering evidence is lawful, the police must follow the procedure outlined in the Evidence Act 1995 (NSW), which describes the manner in which evidence can be collected. This act imposes certain limits on the way police can gather evidence and the types of evidence that can be used. The Act is able to protect the rights of citizens by making it a requirement for the police to gain necessary legal documentation, such as search warrants, in order to obtain some types of evidence and thus, protects the rights of ordinary systems. In more recent times, the use of technology has come to play a major role in the gathering of evidence and with this comes complications in the law. New technologies in relation to the criminal investigation process are mainly in reference to DNA evidence, genetic material that can place a suspect at the scene of a crime. The introduction of DNA evidence into the criminal investigation process has been extremely effective in achieving justice, as it is able to secure convictions. Initially, there were some setbacks to the use of DNA evidence
Whatever the choice drug may be, it’s intended purpose remains universal; put the baby or small child to sleep or induce a trance-like, barely conscious state