“Victims of gun violence are going to win against gun dealers and manufacturers but they need a fundamental charge.”(5) “The gun industry ad fun sellers are the only business in America that is totally free of liability for their behavior.”(6) “Liability forced gun violence to take a backseat to the issue.”(5) “The strongest piece of evidence was the testimony from the owners and sales clerk that they didn’t have procedures or policies.”(5) “Between 2006 and2009, more than 1800 firearms from the gunship was used in crimes.”(5) “Four years after the shooting laws have hindered victims from suing gun dealers.”(5)
They were charged in this court with “…unlawful transportation of firearms in violation of certain sections of the National Firearms Act of June 26, 1934 (ch. 757, 48 Stat. 1236–1240 [26 U.S.C.A. § 1132 et seq.])”. Two defendants, especially Miller, argued that the section of the National Firearms Act, which controls transport of certain firearms between different states, violated the Second Amendment. For this claim, the Supreme Court, as the consensus of all judge, stated the Second Amendment was the Amendment for assuring “the continuation and render possible the effectiveness of … militia forces.” Also the Supreme Court stated, “…the Second Amendment does not guarantee the right to own a firearm unless the possession or use of the firearm has “a reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia” (qtd. in Batten 55) in the Miller’s
Fortunately Otis McDonald would argue as a citizen his individual rights as a gun owner are protected by the Bill of Rights as Incorporated by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Otis filed suit against the city of Chicago after he purchased a handgun for personal protection. In recent years McDonald already being a gun owner purchased a handgun in hopes for better protection after being robbed on several separate occasions. However all handguns were required by the city of Chicago to be registered in order to be legal. Mr McDonald challenged the courts of the city of Chicago or new handgun permits had been ceased for almost 30 years. In addition to Chicago implementing one of the strictest bans on ownership of legal handgun possession. Unfortunately McDonald's attempt to overturn the ban was rebuffed in both district court and the court of appeals and then the Supreme Court, ultimately guarantee the right to keep and bear arms with an individual liberty and extend those protections by limiting the right of the state to prohibit individual firearm ownership.
Thirty-five states have laws or policies requiring the Pledge to be said in public schools. In 2003, a Virginia federal district court reached the same conclusion as the Seventh Circuit in rejecting a constitutional challenge to a Virginia law requiring the recitation of the Pledge in public schools. Even though the school district at issue in that case considered recitation of the Pledge in a citizenship reward program, the court was not persuaded that students were psychologically coerced into accepting religious views sponsored by the school or that they were being punished by having to listen to classmates recite the Pledge. (McCarthy 2005).
The Decisions of the House of Lords in the Case of R vs. Special Adjudicator
The Extent to Which the Decision of the House of Lords in Gemmell and Richards has Clarified the Meaning of the Concept of Recklessness in English Criminal Law
...w claims against Wessex police at common law and via the Human Rights Act. If we take a look at the common law aspect of the problem question, we can see that through legal aspects such as negligence, duty of care and causation, B’s family or B’s estate can have private law claims against Wessex police at common law. This idea of B’s family or B’s estate having a private law claim against Wessex police can be augmented by the legal facet of vicarious liability, this liability has been established by the three stage test that renders Wessex police responsible for the action of their employees. Another vital aspect of the problem question that we have investigated is that of the Human Rights Act 1989. For this facet of the answer we have used cases as well Articles to show that B’s family or B’s Estate may have private law claims against Wessex police.
Explain and analyse the common law tests used by the judiciary to determine liability under the tort of negligence for the following two types of injury claim:
The two parties could rise that Riders’ negligence was the only proximate cause for his injuries. However the actions of all defendants played a role in injuring Rider, not just his actions alone. Tortville Tavern could argue that they were not aware of the fact that Follower was already visibly intoxicated before severing him, however they have a duty as previously mentioned to protect their patrons. They also have a duty to be aware if a patron is intoxicated before continuing to serve them. The last argument that could be raised is that Rider assumed the risk of a car accident when he hitched a ride with Follower when he appeared to be visibly intoxicated. An argument could state that there was implied assumption of risk in Rider’s actions and he should not be allowed to recover. On the contrary, Rider saw Follower’s offer for a ride as a better choice then standing in the rain, so he chose to ride with Follower and is only partially responsible for his injuries. In conclusion the decision made by the trial court should be
The decision in Bailey v Ministry of Health raises important issues in relation to the causation concept of ‘material contribution to harm’ and its application in the context of medical negligence. The Court of Appeal considered this test of causation is a departure of the normal but for causation rule and appeared to have made the correct ruling that the causation in this case was satisfied as the tortious negligence made for a sufficient connection to be liable. However, while the outcome seems to be accurate, the Court in concluding that material contribution to harm is a departure to but for rule is not convincing. Waller LJ’s remark that ‘one cannot draw a distinction between medical negligence cases and others’ also deserves distinct attention. While it is applicable to the case of Bailey, this argument was a flawed analogy and there are also strong policy concerns for the justification. The law of causation has long been a problematic area that attracts clarification. Thus, in view of the inherent obscurity in causation problems, the court is bounded to employ a clearer principle in order to uphold consistency and coherence in this doctrine.
In the case of D’orta-Ekenaike v Victoria Legal Aid (2005) the court held that under common law advocates are immune from claims of negligence that are relative to their conduct inside of court, and those out of court which directly relate to in court proceedings. For all other conduct outside of court however, advocates are liable for duty of care. This is because if such collateral or retaliative litigation were allowed then this would adversely affect the administration of justice. Likewise, some government agencies as well as police are protected under certain circumstances from negligence claims. Examples of such instances may be observed in Sullivan v Moody (2001) and Tame v New South Wales (2002). In Sullivan v Moody (2001) the court held that medical practitioners should not be held liable for reparations brought about by a third party because their duty to patients must be fulfilled without the threat of secondary negligence claims. Similarly in Tame v New South Wales (2002) the court the held that police officers should be exempt from claims of negligence pertaining to police investigating crimes and recording relevant material, regardless of its effect on pertinent persons because it is an administrational requirement of the profession. Others protected with immunity from negligent litigation include; but are not limited to rescuers; as in Chapman v Hearse 1961 , good Samaritans; protected under section 31 of the Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic) , volunteers undertaking ‘community work’; part IX Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic) , blood donors and food donors; protected under section 135 of the Health Act 1958 (Vic) and section 31E of the Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic)
The Supreme Court held in a 5-4 decision that the Eighth Amendment prohibits states from implementing the death penalty for the rape of a child when the rape did not lead to the murder of the child, or was not intended to result in the child’s demise. The court ruled that asking for the death penalty other then those circumstances would be an implementation of “cruel and unusual punishment” which violates the Eighth amendment. In making this ruling, the Court overturned the law in Louisiana plus five other states: Montana, Georgia, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Texas. Two men on death row for child rape, both in Louisiana, would now receive a sentence of life without parole (Kennedy v. Louisiana 554 U.S. 4072008).