Brigham, Eugene F., and Houston, Joel F. Fundamentals of Financial Management. Second ed. Dryden, New York, © 1999.
...easures pertaining to the micro stability of the intermediaries can be subdivided into two categories; general rules on the stability of all business enterprises and entrepreneurial activities, such as the legally required amount of capital, borrowing limits and integrity requirements; and more specific rules due to the special nature of financial intermediation, such as risk based capital ratios, limits to portfolio investments and the regulation of off-balance activities. [White 1996] References Z Bodie, A Kane and A J Marcus. "Investments". 5th Ed. Irwin 2000. E J Elton and M J Gruber. "Modern Portfolio Theory and Investment Analysis". John Wiley 5th Edition 1995. White L., 1996, "International Regulation of Securities Markets: Competition or Harmonization?” in Lo A. (ed), The Industrial organization and Regulation of the Securities Industry, NBER, Cambridge
Threats to the organization involve the various competitors in the financial services industry as well as key partners in the supply chain. When discussing competitors, an obvious threat will be loss of market share to other institutions. With the negative media, many customers have switched their banking relationships to another financial services provider. Because the products in the financial services industry are generally the same from firm to firm, it is imperative that the service provided sets the organization apart. The threat of a negative image of Wells Fargo & Co. could tarnish the way the public views its service provided. Because of this, it is necessary to switch from a results driven model to that of simply serving the
Historically, banks link savings to investment. Deposits are paid in by savers, the bank’s liabilities, some of that money is held in capital reserve and the rest is lent to businesses and entrepreneurs as loans, the bank’s assets. The savers will be paid interest on their deposits, and the enterprises will have to pay interest on their loans, higher than the interest paid to depositors; the difference in interest is the banks revenue. This is a fairly mundane business model which banks have been doing for over 600 years. Recent declines in interest rates have led to decreased profit margins on this type of intermediation. Banks needed to diversify, and the deregulation of UK banks in 1986, and the emergence of light touch regulation, allowed them to do such. Retail banks from here on offered services such as mortgages, pension plans and insurance. Investment banks, traditionally offering corporate services like merger and acquisition advice, now operate in proprietary trading in wholesale markets. OECD reports that non interest income accounts for 40.7% of credit institutions income in 2003, up from 25.5% in 1984. All this change in how banks operate, fuelled by declining margins and self-regulation, has led to the us...
Given the complex nature of the financial markets they should be regulated primarily by the SEC. Additionally since there is specific legislation enacted to regulate these markets, and then the SEC’s oversight should be the standard to which the stakeholders are held.
... to service our current needs. It is also important that they are committed to the ongoing investment in technology required to deliver the securities, cash and investment management support services we require. The Bank of New York is a well-established financial institution that has outlasted numerous financial hardships, including the Great Depression. It has a long history of providing excellent services to its customers. In the present day, The Bank of New York continues to live up to that reputation by offering its customers a variety of financial services. The future can only get better for the Bank of New York. With the technological era in full swing, the Bank of New York is taking full advantage by specializing in technological securities. In conclusion, The Bank if New York is a historical financial institution that played an important role in the economic growth of the United States. No other bank can say that it has done as much for the United States as has done the Bank of New York.
In order to analyze Ally, I will be evaluating its balance sheet and performance ratios over the period from June 2006 to June 2013. This will show the progression of the bank throughout the 2008-2009 financial crisis. I will compare Ally’s financial data to the whole US banking industry as a way to analyze the banks risk and performance over that period. Factors such as profitability, credit risk, capital adequacy, liquidity risk, interest rate risk, market risk, ad off balance sheet exposures will all be evaluated.
Bank of America is an international and widely known banking and financial corporation. Its headquarters are located in Charlotte, North Carolina, and the Bank of America is the second largest bank holding company in the United States of America. A bank holding company is a company that owns and controls one or more banks, but does not necessarily take part in the act of banking itself. This gives it a greater range of flexibility that enables it to raise capital for itself more easier than a traditional bank. Other benefits include: “The holding company can assume debt of shareholders on a tax free basis, borrow money, acquire other banks and non-bank entities more easily, and issue stock with greater regulatory ease.”. In essence, this grants the bank holding company a much more freely moving business that has a distinct advantage over its lesser bank brethren. Bank of America has a variety of interesting topics that will be extensively and thoroughly covered. These include Bank of America’s history, its financial and stock analysis, its multitude of operations, and the large number of controversies that surround the Bank. Once the said topics have been rigorously and exhaustively described, the beautiful conclusion will rear its head and allow the reader to bask in the satisfaction of finishing this extremely interesting paper.
In previous years the big financial institutions that are “too big to fail” have come to realize that they can “cheat” the system and make big money on it by making poor decisions and knowing that they will be bailed out without having any responsibly for their actions. And when they do it they also escape jail time for such action because of the fear that if a criminal case was filed against any one of the so called “too big to fail” financial institutions it...
During the 1920s, approximately 20 million Americans took advantage of post-war prosperity by purchasing shares of stock in various securities exchanges. When the stock market crashed in 1929, the fortunes of many investors were lost. In addition, banks lost great sums of money in the Crash because they had invested heavily in the markets. When people feared their banks might not be able to pay back the money that depositors had in their accounts, a “run” on the banking system caused many bank failures. After the crash, public confidence in the market and the economy fell sharply. In response, Congress held hearings to identify the problems and look for solutions; the answer was found in the new SEC. The Commission was established in 1934 to enforce new securities laws that were passed with the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The two new laws stated that “Companies publicly offering securities must tell the public the truth about their businesses, the securities they are selling and the risks involved in the investing.” Secondly, “People who sell and trade securities must treat investors fairly and honestly, putting investors’ interests first.”2
Brenton G., Carlos S & Geoffrey S 2000, ‘Capital Management of Deposit Takers: The impact of Prudential Requirements’, Australian Prudential Regulation Authority, vol.1, no.1, p 1-33.
I am currently majoring in Finance Management. Most of the time people think of finance as just managing money. However, finance is needed for so much more! The finance industry deals with starting businesses, developing new products, expanding markets, as well as everyday things like saving for retirement, purchasing a home, and even insurance. The stock market, asset allocation, portfolio analysis, and electronic commerce are all key aspects in finance. In this paper, I will explain how these features play a vital role in the industry, along with the issues that come with these factors.
Howells, Peter., Bain, Keith 2000, Financial Markets and Institutions, 3rd edn, Henry King Ltd., Great Britain.
Functions performed by financial intermediaries can be categorized into three functions; (1) maturity transformation, (2) risk transformation, and (3) convenience denomination. With maturity transformations, intermediaries convert short-term liabilities to long term assets. This conversion is common with banks and other institutions that provide liquidity for entrepreneurs, giving a short term debt a match with a long term loan. Rather than constantly evaluating short term loan options and rolling over the debt balance, a longer term commitment is able to be made that locks in a lower rate to benefit all parties. Additionally, intermediaries can provide risk transformation, which offer the ability to convert risky investments into relatively risk-free by lending to multiple borrowers to spread the risk. By pooling the funds of multiple investors, the intermediary – such as a mutual fund – inherently provides diversification and tolerance against a single investment producing undesirable results. Finally, convenience denomination is provided by an intermediary. With a large quantity of deposits being held at a financial intermediary, they are able to match small deposits with large loans, and larger deposit...
A variety of groups are concerned in bank profitability for various reasons. The bank shareholders would want to know if the value of their investments is high or low. The investors also use current and past performance to predict future price of the banks’ shares traded on the stock exchanged. The management of the bank as trustee of the shareholders is evaluated and compensated on the basis of how well their decisions and planning have contributed to growth in assets and profits of their banks. Employees of bank also are concerned with profits, since their salaries and promotions are frequently tied to the profitability performance of their banks. Depositors use bank performance and profitability as indicators of security for their deposits in the banks. Finally, business community and general public are concerned about their banks’ performance to the extent that their economic prosperity is linked to the success or failure of their banks.