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Chapter 11 the peripheral nervous system
Chapter 11 the peripheral nervous system
peripheral nervous system a&p
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Recommended: Chapter 11 the peripheral nervous system
Peripheral Neuropathy
Peripheral nerves are categorized as both sensory and motor which means they help provide sensations and move ligaments. These nerves attach to the spinal cord and run throughout the human body. Damaging these nerves may result in peripheral neuropathy. This condition is the degenerative state of the peripheral nerves. During this state, nerves may lose the ability to function therefore, causing multiple problems with one’s body. There are multiple causes to this condition and many can be avoided.
Vitamin deficiencies are a leading cause of nerves being damaged or weakened. Several vitamins such as B12, B6, and E are essential for keeping humans and their bodies healthy. Without these vitamins, the human body would slowly start to deteriorate with function. Thiamine is greatly needed to keep nerves in a stable state and prevent inflammation of the nerves. Humans must do their part to keep their bodies healthy and safe from spinal damage as caused most commonly by car accidents.
Car accidents are the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy. During a car accident, the nerves may be dismembered or dislocated.
“One example of acquire peripheral neuropathy is trigeminal neuralgia (also known as tic doulcunex), in which the damage to the trigeminal nerve (the largest nerve of the head and face) causes episodic attacks of excruitiating, lightning-like pain on one side of the face” (Peripheral Neuropathy Fact Sheet).
The car accident could damage ones spinal cord if it was crushed or hit hard enough. If the spinal cord is severed, the peripheral nerves may detach from the spinal cord. Detachment may lead to pressure applied by other organs or bones. The wreck may cause broken bones that would compress the spi...
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... the nerves will react and possibly reach peripheral neuropathy.
Peripheral neuropathy is a serious condition that can be fixed in multiple ways. If an individual is having trouble and experiencing more than one of the symptoms such as pain or muscle weakness, he or she should make a visit to see their doctor and discuss the possible reasoning behind it. A doctor knows best and can prescribe the necessary medications or treatments to help the patient feel better and hopefully stop the patient from having paralysis. There are ways to prevent this condition and they should be taken into consideration.
Works Cited
"Peripheral Neuropathy Fact Sheet." : National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2014.
"Peripheral Neuropathy." Definition. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2014.
Wood, Debra., “Peripheral Neuropathy.” 2013. Print.
Peripheral and central mechanisms involving nerve lesions and their input are substantial when perceiving phantom pain. Due to the impairment of peripheral nerves in the process of amputation, regenerative sprouting of damaged axons occurs and the activity rate of inflamed C-fibres and demyelinated A-fibres spontaneously increases (Flor, 2002). As a consequence of this nerve injury, a neuroma, which is a mass of pruned and tangled axons, may form in the residual limb producing abnormal (ectopic) activity (Katz, 1992). Flor, Nikolajsen and Jenson (2006) proposed that ectopic discharge from a neuroma in the stump illustrates abnormal afferent input to the spinal cord, which is a possible mechanism for unpro...
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease affecting the myelination of the central nervous system, leading to numerous issues regarding muscle strength, coordination, balance, sensation, vision, and even some cognitive defects. Unfortunately, the etiology of MS is not known, however, it is generally thought of and accepted as being an autoimmune disorder inside of the central nervous system (Rietberg, et al. 2004). According to a study (Noonan, et al. 2010) on the prevalence of MS, the disease affects more than 1 million people across the world, and approximately 85% of those that are affected will suffer from unpredictably occurring sessions of exacerbations and remissions. The report (Noonan, et al. 2010) found that the prevalence of MS was much higher in women than in men, and that it was also higher in non-Hispanic whites than in other racial or ethnic groups throughout the 3 regions of the United States that were studied.
GBS is an inflammatory disorder of the peripheral nerves. When the syndrome occurs, the body's peripheral nerves become inflamed and cease to work due to an unknown cause. (1) (3) Around 50% of the cases of GBS appear after a bacterial or viral infection. (1) The syndrome can also appear after surgery or vaccination. GBS can appear hours or days after these incidences or can even take up to three or four weeks to appear. (4) Some theories propose that GBS is caused by a mechanism of the autoimmune system that prompts antibodies and white blood cells to attack the covering and insulation of the nerve cells, which leads to abnormal sensation. GBS is considered a syndrome rather than a disease, because its description is based on a set of symptoms reported by the patient to her doctor. (5)
Wunderlich, R. P., Peters, E. J., Bosma, J., & Armstrong, D. G. (1998). Pathophysiology and treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy of the lower extremity. Southern Medical Journal, 91, 894-898.
Type 1. This type occurs after an injury or trauma with no known damage to a nerve.
A persons Spinal Cord is the cord of nervous tissue which extends from the brain and goes all the way down their back in the vertebral canal. It gives off pairs of spinal nerves and carries impulse to and from the brain, it also serves as the centre for initiating and coordination of many reflects acts. Without the spinal cord a person’s body would not be able to maintain its composure and would cave in on its self. An injury to the spinal cord can be catastrophic to the person, many injuries to the spinal cord result in quadriplegia and/or paraplegia and in some cases death. A Spinal Cord Injury can be classed as a complete spinal cord injury (meaning all functions below the injured area are lost even if the
A spinal cord injury can be serious and it can result in permanent disabilities. Immediate medical treatment is necessary to minimize the damage. If you are injured in a personal injury accident, always seek medical treatment even if you believe your injuries are not severe. Even a minor spinal cord injury can keep you from returning to work and resuming your normal daily activities.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an acquired demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that typically is diagnosed in the second or third decade of life. Normally, nerves are enclosed in myelin sheaths that help facilitate transmission of nerve impulses within the CNS and the peripheral nervous system throughout the body. In patients with MS, the myelin sheath is damaged and eventually degenerates, causing patches of scar tissue called plaques or lesions to occur anywhere randomly on the myelin sheath (Ruto, 2013). This results in impaired nerve conductivity, which interferes with message transmission between the brain and the other parts of the body. As a result, impulse transmission is altered, distorted, short-circuited, or completely absent. This interference in impulse transmission creates muscle weakness, muscle imbalance, and possibly muscle spasms with partial or complete paralysis. Multiple sclerosis also can result in visual impairment and alteration of cognitive abilities, as well as pain, numbness, or tingling sensations (Ruto, 2013).
CMT affects the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nerves). There are several types of CMT, depending on the type of gene mutation you have. Symptoms of CMT can range from mild to severe.
They would have a lot of trouble moving their arms, shoulders, wrists, and hand, if they severely damaged this nerve it could leave them paralyzed from the shoulders down. They will most likely loose sensation in their arms and hands and may have a tingling sensation. The individual also may experience paralysis in the legs, hand or torso, their breathing can also be affected as well as their bladder controls. The organs it serves are the skeletal muscle because the C6 is in charge of arms and shoulders so their mobility depends on this nerve. You can check id it is damaged by getting a scan to see the nerve, if you are feeling pain or a tingling sensation then it would be a good idea to go get it checked
Paralysis extent depends upon severity and location of injury to the spine. The higher the region, often the more severe. Injuries close to the neck can result in complete paralysis whereas injuries lower down the spinal cord can lead to only the lower body being paralyzed. Quadriplegia is caused by high impact trauma or injury to the spinal cord
Peripheral neuropathy is a term which describes damage to one or more of your peripheral nerves. The damage means that the messages that travel between your central and peripheral nervous system are disrupted. There are many different conditions that can lead to peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes is known as the major cause of persistent peripheral neuropathy. The symptoms and the cause of peripheral neuropathy depend on which types of peripheral nerves are damaged. Neuropathy can affect any one, both the young and the old. However, people suffering from diabetes and other infections have a high possibility of being affected with this disease. The aims of treatment for peripheral neuropathy are to treat any underlying cause, to control your symptoms and to help you to achieve maximum independence.
The most common type is Peripheral Neuropathy. It is also referred to as distal symmetric neuropathy or sensorimotor neuropathy. In this type, the legs, feet, toes, arms, and hands experience pain and loss of sensation. Typically, the lower extremities are involved before the upper extremities and a loss of reflexes is common. It is with this type of neuropathy that ulcers, wounds, infections, and in severe cases, amputation is most common (Dyck, Feldmen, & Vinick).
The sciatic nerve supplies information about movements of the leg and sends information about sensations back to the brain. The sciatic nerve is quite large, in fact, it is the largest peripheral nerve in the body.
The reason for this disability is most commonly due to lesions in the nerve centers that control the muscle contractions, or a blood clot that blocks circulation of oxygen to the brain stem. Brain-stem strokes, accidents, extreme spinal-cord injuries, and neurological diseases are other main causes for the syndrome (5). Axons that carry brain signals leave the larger motor areas on the surface of the brain and direct their signals towards the brain stem. It is here where they converge linking one another to form a tightly packed bundle called the motor tract. The brain stem motor tract is extremely sensitive; thus even the slightest impact of a stroke can lead to destruction of the axon bundles resulting in a total paralysis (1). For a locked-in patient, depending on the severity of the stroke, the sensory tracts may or may not be affected. These tracts also form axon bundles and determine the functioning of the feel, touch, and pressure perceptions.