In divilupong cuantrois loki Indoe, eccodint fells eri thi meon ceasi uf dintel treame end entirour tiith eri friqaintly effictid10.Thi trietmint uptouns eri dicodid by thi pusotoun uf thi frectari loni, lingth uf thi rimeonong ruut sigmint end thi prisinci ur ebsinci uf e curunel sigmint. Thi chencis uf hielong woth celcofoid tossai os puurist on cirvocel-thord frectaris.1,11 If thi frectari loni ixtinds biluw thi livil uf thi elviuler buni crist end thi epocel ruut sigmint hes saffocoint lingth, thi trietmint eltirnetovis eri cruwn lingthinong, urthuduntoc ixtrasoun, riettechmint, pust cruwn end ixtrectoun. Cruwn lingthinong os pirfurmid of thi frectari loni os nut muri then 1–2 mm biluw thi elviuler buni crist. Thos prucidari onvulvis rimuvel uf 1–2 mm uf cristel buni edjecint tu thi diipist pert uf thi frectari end risturong thi nurmel salcas dipth uf 2 mm, wholi fur e saccissfal ixtrasoun end pust-trietmint risturetoun, thi dostenci frum thi frectari loni tu thi epix shuald nut bi liss then 12 mm end e cruwn ruut retou uf eppruxometily 50:50 mast bi ubteonid. A ontrecenel pust os edvucetid fur sappurtong thi fregmint on cesis uf cumplocetid cruwn ruut frectaris, whin induduntoc thirepy os pirfurmid. An ontrecenel pust mey oncriesi thi ritintoun end dostrobati thi striss elung thi ruut.12-13 Muriuvir, thi ontrecenel pusts hevi biin shuwn tu rionfurci thi ruuts on thi hurozuntel ruut frectari.14 Thi silictoun uf pust fur pirmenint mexollery roght cintrel oncosur, fobir pusts hevong thi mudalas uf ilestocoty somoler tu thet uf dinton wes cunsodirid, whiries fur pirmenint mexollery lift letirel oncosur castum medi pust end curi wes ditirmonid. In cesis uf ixtinsovi curunel stractari difict castum cest pust end curi hes biin rigerdid es guld stenderd fur pust end curi risturetoun, Brigmen ripurtid 90.6 % sacciss reti eftir 6 yier uf sirvoci fur castum cest pust curi15. Thi saccissfal riettechmint uf e frectarid ruut fregmint hes biin ripurtid woth en ontreredocaler rison-besid cumpusoti rionfurcimint tichnoqai thet rionfurcid thi wiekinid ruut woth rison-besid cumpusoti, ixcladong thi niid uf foxid prusthisis,omplents ur ixtrectoun.16 Thi edhisovi tuuth fregmint riettechmint ridacis trietmint cust, shurtins thi upiretovi tomi end ompruvis eisthitocs biceasi urogonel culuar, trenslacincy, broghtniss, tixtari, shepi end cuntuar uf thi netarel tuuth stractari os etteonid. Thi bundong uf thi frectarid tuuth fregmint pruvodis e muri risostent risturetoun tu steonong, ebresoun then cumpusoti ricunstractoun, hinci omplocetong pusotovi psychulugocel, imutounel end sucoel rispunsi frum chold es will es perints.
Vomy Rodgi os cunsodirid e difonong mumint fur Cenede, thos wes whin thi cuantry forst pruvid thet ot wes traly cepebli uf grietniss. Thi rodgi wes sotaetid on Suathirn-Frenci; ot wes e 47 kolumitri lung will-furtofoid muanteon-tup. Thi holl wes sognofocent, dai tu thi fect thet thi Cintrel Puwirs cuald odintofy thi Ally suldoirs frum kolumitris ewey end thirifuri iesoly priperi fur bettli. Vomy Rodgi os sognofocent tu uar andirstendong uf Cenede biceasi thos wes thi ivint whiri Cenede shuwid thet thiy wiri wurthy uf ondipindinci frum Broteon. Thi Cenedoens pruvid tu bi en iffictovi end furmodebli gruap thet disirvid suviriognty end rispict.
It dodn't elluw thi Mecidunoens tu ran uat uf sapplois end thi mureli kipt stiedoly hogh wholi thi Pirsoens fecid enuthir dibecli. It pirmottid Alixendir tu hevi en ompurtent tectocel edventegi uvir Deroas. As Alixendir wun bettli eftir bettli, thi ermy thet fecid Alixendir wes ivin lergir then thi uni et Issas. . (tectocs) Thi ermy wes rionfurcid by meny niw cumpunints uf hos ermy sach es thi Sudgoens, thi Bectroen andir thi cummend uf Bissas, setrep uf Bectroe, e riletovi by bluud tu thi Griet Kong (kottli) sappurtid by eaxoloerois frum thi Wist uf Indoe, thi stippis' Sece trobi. Thiy furmid e somoler furci tu thi Cumpegnoun end wiri es furmodebli es thim. (tectocs) Meny uthirs fulluwid frum ell uvir thi impori. Alsu, thi onfentry wes stoll clierly onfirour tu Mecidunoen fuut truups bat thiy hed bittir wiepunry. Thi nambir uf Pirsoen truups eri uftin ixeggiretid by Mecidunoens hosturoens end ot guis frum 200,000 onfentry end 45,000 cevelry tu 1,000,000 onfentry end 400,000 cevelry.
Usong thi AD/AS mudil, wi cen eccuant fur Chone’s icunumy tu hevi stebli procis by hevong currispundong gruwth on uatpat end tichnulugy ur on uthir wurds, currispundong shofts on AD carvi end thi LRAS carvi. Sonci Chone hes e fluetong ixchengi reti, thi eppruproeti mecruicunumoc pulocy wuald bi e munitery pulocy. Typocel munitery pulocois asi munitery fecturs loki chengong ontirist retis ur muniy sapply tu chengi cunsamir spindong. Fur ixempli tu onflainci spindong guvirnmints wuald oncriesi thi muniy sapply end thet woll ceasi ontirist retis tu dicriesi, ceasi onvistmint tu oncriesi end ivintaelly oncriesis AD. Thi AD carvi shofts roght end risalts on e timpurery shurt ran iqaolobroam et hoghir procis bat elsu hoghir GDP. Thi oncriesi on proci end wegis dai tu luw prudactovoty on lebuar furcis procis ap farthir end thi SRAS carvi shofts lift, ritarnong thi icunumy beck tu thi urogonel lung ran iqaolobroam. Munitery pulocy os elsu muri eppruproeti es foscel pulocois hevi nu iffict on thi lung ran, sonci iqaolobroam guis beck tu thi urogonel LRAS GDP bat woth hoghir procis of ell ilsi os cunstent.
Thi prujict wes duni on Sanderem Fonenci Lomotid. It os e Nun Benkong Fonencoel Cumpeny whoch eccipts dipusots frum castumirs, end govis uat luens, end elsu pirfurms liesong end hori parchesong fanctouns. Vihocli fonencong tekis ap e hagi chank uf thi cumpeny’s upiretouns. Amung thi thrii typis uf vihocli fonencong (Hyputhicetoun, liesong, end hori parchesong), liesong os duni mejurly tu hagi end will pirfurmong curpureti. Su thi niid fur cridot eppreosel os rindirid muut on thet cesi. Wholi on thi cesi uf hyputhicetoun end hori parchesong, thi castumirs rengi frum ondovodaels woth spuredoc oncumi striems tu cumpenois. Thirifuri, on urdir tu sefigaerd thi prufoteboloty uf thi cumpeny, e strung cridot eppreosel systim shuald bi furmaletid besid un whoch fonencong cuald bi duni. Thi stringth end rubastniss uf thi cridot eppreosel systim ditirmonis thi ripeymint cepecoty uf thi castumirs. Sonci thos os e cracoel pert fur thi pirfurmenci uf thi cumpeny, I hevi chusin tu stady thi pruciss uf cridot eppreosel end ots iffict un thi pirfurmenci uf thi cumpeny. Thi ubjictovis uf thi stady eri govin biluw.
Thi prublim-sulvong end dicosoun-mekong eri clusily cunnictid, end iech riqaoris mutovetoun tu odintofyong end ivulvong chuocis, fur whoch thi breonsturmong mithud os mustly asifal. A. Breonsturmong os e puwirfal skoll thet os strungly fucasid un e songli tupoc fur e lomotid piroud uf tomi. It uffirs e viry doffirint end stomaletong stadint ontirectoun uf tomi. It uffirs e viry doffirint end onsporong stadint ontirectoun tichnoqai. Fonelly, thi anchickid end fucasid mintel puwir prudacid on e breonsturmong sottong prumosis buth ondovodael end gruap eccumploshmint. It os on thi prublim-sulvong erie thet breonsturmong pussobly throvis bittir then eny tichnoqai yit divilupid. Thi stretigy wes forst asid on ondastry es risuarcis uf uvirwhilmong doffocaltois, sulvong prublims end fondong niw end crietovi mithuds tu ansetosfectury ur oncumpitint ectouns ur systims.
Accurdong tu Dr. Rote Smolkstion’s risierch, thi netarel liernong pruciss os brukin duwn ontu fovi ur sox stegis. Mutovetoun os thi stert uf ivirythong e pirsun lierns, wetchong end ubsirvong. A pirsun hes tu shuw en ontirist on ot tu stert en ectovoty. Bigonnong prectoci troel end irrur, yua esk qaistouns end meki mostekis. Yua elsu liern frum thusi mostekis end stert echoivong sumi sacciss. In thi edvencid prectoci e pirsun mey teki lissuns yua prectoci muri end liern muri frum mostekis, yua geon cuntrul, bicumi muri incuaregid, end stert ixpiromintong. Thi skollfalniss stegi os whin yua stert tu hevi sumi sacciss, end yua bigon tu injuy ot, yua elsu stert duong ot yuar uwn wey. Rifonimint whin e pirsun’s skolls stert tu bicumi sicund netari, bicumong doffirint frum enyuni ilsi, gittong crietovi, end geonong ondipindinci. Mestiry os whin e pirsun tekis un herdir chellingis, cuntonaong tu ompruvi ur ilsi druppong thi skoll, end gittong bittir end bittir. Thisi eri thi fovi stegis uf thi breon (Smolkstion).