Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh] is one of the important tropical legume crops providing food and nutritional security to the world population. It is also known as tropical green pea, congo pea, gungo pea or no-eye pea, It is a diplod with n=11 perennial woody shrub, often cross- pollinated crop belonging to the family Fabaceae. The pigeonpea genome was sequenced by two groups (Singh et al. 2011: Varshney et al. 2011) and its size was estimated to be between 858 Mb (Singh et al. 2011) and 833 Mb (Varshney et al. 2011). Apart from being drought tolerant, pigeonpea is also known to be heat tolerant as it grows in the south Asian peninsula in the rainy season when the day temperatures are quite high. Under the current climatic regime which tends to be erratic, global warming will adversely impact almost all aspects of plant development, growth, reproduction and yield. Plants are sessile organisms that cannot escape heat and are forced to adapt by modifying their metabolism to prevent damage caused by heat high temperatures. Various responses are exhibited by a plant during heat stress such as morphological symptoms, anatomical changes, physiological responses and expression of stress proteins. These stress proteins are mainly responsible for the stability of cell proteins. During heat stress, protein denaturation starts and key regulators known as heat shock factors (Hsf), which regulate heat shock proteins (Hsp) (Yamada et al. 2007), are activated. The Hsfs recognize and bind to the conserved palindromic heat shock element (HSE; 5-AGAAnnTTCT-3) present in the promoters of heat stress-inducible genes. The heat stress transcription factor (Hsf) therefore, is the main component of the signal transduction chain mediating the ...
... middle of paper ...
... HsfB-2 is up-regulated in mature root. However, in immature seed in the globular embryo stage, HsfB-1 is up-regulated while HsfB-2 is down-regulated. HsfA-2 plays an important part during heat stress and recovery. HsfA-4 and HsfA-8 are prominent against reactive oxygen species, and HsfA-5 acts as a repressor of HsfA-4 (Soares-Cavalcanti et al. 2012; Mochida et al. 2009 and Benko-Iseppon et al. 2012). The nature of expression of Hsf genes is indeed spatial and temporal. Better understanding of the heat-responsive genes involved in heat stress tolerance mechanisms could help in the development of crops with enhanced tolerance to heat stress.In this study a genome-wide survey of the hsf genes and their expression profile under heat stress in pigeonpea has been conducted.(We need to add a bit here to complete the para. Otherwise it looks like there were no tail to wag.)
Carter, E., Theodorou, M., and Morris, P. 1997. Responses of lotus corniculatus to environmental Change I. effects of elevated CO2, temperature and drought on growth and plant development. New Phytologist. 136: 245-253.
photosynthesis. This is because of the temperature around the plant. raises the enzymes controlling photosynthesis inside the chloroplasts. heat up and start moving around faster, the fast moving molecules. collide with other fast-moving enzymes, causing them to react.
Introduction: Gibberellin is a plant hormone that is involved in the production of amylase which is vital for the conversion of starch into maltose into glucose molecules required for the embryo to grow. It does this by “regulating the genes that are involved in the synthesis of amylase. In barley seeds, it has been shown that the application of gibberellin causes an increase in the transcription of mRNA coding for amylase”. 1(Jones, p.120)
Several potato plants carry resistance genes against PVX. Up to date two resistance genes have been identified. One gene product mediates salicylic acid systemic defense responses, whereas the other encodes the Rx protein. This protein has a nucleotide binding-site (NBS) and a leucine-rich repeat (LRR). The native fold of Rx confers an inactive conformation. Upon interactions with the viral CP, Rx partially unfolds, thereby its NBS-LRR domain [27]. This activates the signaling cascade mediating virus resistance.
Sulfur may enter the plants in few ways such as enter through the roots in form of sulphate ion, dissolved in water with form of sulphate ion or in form of gaseous sulfur dioxide (SO2) which can penetrates into the leaves through the stomata. But both of it can be utilized by plants through the metabolism of normal sulfur, although the limited pathway via cuticle was proof. However, the aperture of the stomata was largely controlled by conditions of the environment, such as temperature, ligh...
Levitt, Jacob. Responses of plants to environmental stresses. 2d ed. New York: Academic Press, 1980. Print.
... and feed grains (Nyong, 2008). Higher temperatures can the physiological development of crops such as causing increased respirations, shorter periods of seed formation and reduced biomass production which all result in hastened maturation and reduced crop yields (Adejuwon, 2004). Global warming and drought have affected the change in the incidence and distribution of pests and pathogens which presents challenges for crop management and animal rearing. Moisture and temperature are important elements of climate which determine the occurrence and localization of pests and diseases (Adejuwon, 2004). This is because pests and diseases vectors thrive well in optimum conditions of high temperature and abundant water supply. In this way climate change and global warming has extended the range of distribution of some pests and diseases worsening the plight of farmers.
Shakespeare develops a couple of themes through the story, one of them is: never be to trusty about your workers; remember that they are shooting for your place. In the book show how king Duncan gave all his trust on his thanes and servants (specially Macbeth) and he got betray by the ones he trust and admire the most. The following quotes will show my point. “Titles of nobility will shine like stars on all of who deserve them. (To Macbeth) and now, lets go to your castle at Inverness, where I will become even more obliged to you because of your hospitality.” (Kind Duncan, pg. 27 act 1 scene 4), this quote shows how king Duncan feel about Macbeth. “Now I´m decided, and I will exert every muscle in my body to commit this crime. Go now, and pretend to be a friendly hostess. Hide with a false pleasant face what you know in your false, evil heart.” (Macbeth, pg. 47, act 1 scene 7) But this one shows how Macbeth fells about not being a king.
The Brassica rapa plants were bred to live in the colder states of America, such as Michigan and Wisconsin. Up there they have very few times it is actually warm enough for plant growth. So to take advantage of those few short moments, Dr. Williams bred a ...
Chronicle of a Death Foretold is a novella written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez taking place in twentieth century Colombia. Marquez recalls the events of a murder twenty years in the past. The victim, who is named Santiago Nasar in the novella, faces prosecution from his twin friends because the twins’ sister states Santiago took her virginity. As honor was greatly valued in the Colombian society at the time, their worldview led to the requirement for their family’s honor to be restored by killing Santiago. The result is an impending murder that almost everyone, except for a small group including Santiago himself, knew about. The result is Santiago’s death as he never knew what was coming.
The sunflower got its name from its flower, which resembles the sun. The large flower is actually a mature flower head, composed a bunch of tiny flowers clumped together (Duncan 1975). The sunflower is an annual, erect, broadleaf plant. It has a tough, strong stem and rough simple leaves. The leaves on the immature buds are phototropic and follow the sun’s rays, one of the properties that increase light interception. The sunflower is not prone to many diseases, which make it appealing to producers (Duncan 1975). The plant grows rapidly and very large in the right location. They thrive in northern areas. One of the beneficial properties is the plants ability for phtytoremediation. It’s able to r...
Foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv.] is one of the oldest cultivated crop in the world (Chang 1968). China has been identified as the center of origin of this special crop (Vavilov 1926), where foxtail millet was domesticated and selected as grain food as early as 8700 years ago (Lu et al.2009). The geographical origin of foxtail millet based on cytological studies indicated that wild ancestor of foxtail millet is S. viridis (Li et al. 1945). It was the most important food crop of the Neolithic culture in China. It belongs to family Poaceae and subfamily Panicoideae and supposed to be originated in Eastern Asia probably China. It is a diploid (2n=2x=18), self-pollinating, C4 panicoid crop with a small genome (490 Mb) size (Andrew et al., 2009). About 90% of global millet production is utilized in the developing countries (FAO, 1990) and 38.6% of total world millet is produced by India alone (FAO, 1995). Core collection of 155 and 152 accessions in foxtail millet have been reported by Upadhyaya et al. (2008, 2011) and Lata et al. (2011a, b) respectively. Lata et al., 2011a have also developed a core collection of 107 accessions of foxtail millet , which is being used for determining population structure and allele mining of important agronomic and abiotic stress related traits. Nirmalakumari and Vetriventhan (2010) evaluated 741 germplasm accessions of foxtail millet and established that better yield potential could be attained by exploiting germplasm with more productive tillers, intermediate panicle length and medium flowering time. Core of 220 accessions was selected from 1482 world collection of foxtail millet by using power core (http://genebank.rda.go.kr/powercore) Jayarama Gowda et al.,2012, which i...
Agriculture is considered to be one of the most vulnerable sectors to climate change. Although at present, the overall impact of climate change on global scale agricultural productivity is not reliably estimated (Gornall et al., 2010). Many studies show serious implications on agricultural productivity for instance IFPRI(2009) projects that in South Asia by 2050 climate change will reduce production of rice, wheat and maize by 14%, 44% to 49% and 9%-19% respectively relative to no climate change situation. Historical temperature yield relationship indicates that at the global scale warming from 1981-2002 very likely offset some of the yield gains from technology advances, rising CO2 and other non climatic factors (Lobell and Field, 2007).
The production of chickpea or ‘chana’ is also affected in excessive cold conditions. Chickpea is sown in the months of September to November in India and is considered as a rabi crop (Figure 1.3). The desi type chickpea reaches physiological maturity by 95-105 days and Kabuli type by 100-110 days. The plant is harvested when its leaves start drying and shedding and can be done manually or with the help of a harvester. In India, it is harvested in between March to April. This crop is often cultivated as a sole crop but sometimes it is also grown rotationally with other crops such as sorghum, pearl millet, wheat and coriander. Pale yellow, dark brown or reddish chickpea are some of the varieties that are grown
The development of new technologies for the stable and transient expression of recombinant proteins in plants could potentially provide more versatile biotechnological tools for the scientific and commercial communities (trends in plant sciences Vol xx no xx Month 2005)