I. Introduction
Since the dawn of the aviation era, cockpit design has become
increasingly complicated owing to the advent of new technologies enabling
aircraft to fly farther and faster more efficiently than ever before. With
greater workloads imposed on pilots as fleets modernize, the reality of he or
she exceeding the workload limit has become manifest. Because of the
unpredictable nature of man, this problem is impossible to eliminate completely.
However, the instances of occurrence can be drastically reduced by examining the
nature of man, how he operates in the cockpit, and what must be done by
engineers to design a system in which man and machine are ideally interfaced.
The latter point involves an in-depth analysis of system design with an emphasis
on human factors, biomechanics, cockpit controls, and display systems. By
analyzing these components of cockpit design, and determining which variables of
each will yield the lowest errors, a system can be designed in which the
Liveware-Hardware interface can promote safety and reduce mishap frequency.
II. The History Of Human Factors in Cockpit Design
The history of cockpit design can be traced as far back as the first
balloon flights, where a barometer was used to measure altitude. The Wright
brothers incorporated a string attached to the aircraft to indicate slips and
skids (Hawkins, 241). However, the first real efforts towards human factors
implementation in cockpit design began in the early 1930's. During this time,
the United States Postal Service began flying aircraft in all-weather missions
(Kane, 4:9). The greater reliance on instrumentation raised the question of
where to put each display and control. However, not much attention was being
focused on this area as engineers cared more about getting the instrument in the
cockpit, than about how it would interface with the pilot (Sanders & McCormick,
739).
In the mid- to late 1930's, the development of the first gyroscopic
instruments forced engineers to make their first major human factors-related
decision. Rudimentary situation indicators raised concern about whether the
displays should reflect the view as seen from inside the cockpit, having the
horizon move behind a fixed miniature airplane, or as it would be seen from
outside the aircraft. Until the end of World War I, aircraft were manufactured
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...anifest. The discussion of biomechanics in chapter three was purposely
broad, because it is such a wide and diverse field. The concepts touched upon
indicate the areas of concern that a designer must address before creating a
cockpit that is ergonomically friendly in the physical sense. Controls and
displays hold a little more relevance, because they are the fundamental control
and feedback devices involved in controlling the aircraft. These were discussed
in greater detail because many of those concepts never reach the conscious mind
of the operator. Although awareness of these factors is not critical to safe
aircraft operation, they do play a vital role in the subconscious mind of the
pilot during critical operational phases under high stress. Because of the
unpredictable nature of man, it would be foolish to assume a zero tolerance
environment to potential errors like these, but further investigation into the
design process, biomechanics, control and display devices may yield greater
insight as far as causal factors is concerned. Armed with this knowledge,
engineers can set out to build aircraft not only to transport people and
material, but also to save lives.
Yossarian’s refusal to fly the ever-rising amount of missions and his reputation with the other men in his squadron show the heroic qualities of his actions. At first, his avoidance of combat seems merely self-centered, as the war is not something he believes in. When Yossarian has his traumatic experience trying to save Snowden in which he realizes that “man is matter” (450), his motives broaden as he realizes how fragile life is. Not only is he practicing self-preservation by refusing to fly, which can be seen as a heroic act in itself in a situation where life is so undervalued, but he is also refusing to kill and risk the lives of ...
Captain Aubrey exhibits and demonstrates leadership characteristics that inspire his crew to be the best that they can be. One of the most important leadership traits that Captain Jack has is a single-minded focus on his purpose. All of his decisions are held up against the g...
...nstructions. According to the Journal of Nursing Law (2011), Healthcare professionals who provide education and detailed information regarding end-of-life decision making can support their ethical obligation to prolong life and to end needless suffering (Friend, 2011, p. 3-4).
Tom Wolfe writes in the book “The Right Stuff” about early jet pilots that demonstrated extreme bravery, and behaviorisms that enabled them to be part of a furtive group of individuals. It has been said that these men usually assemble in groups among themselves in a way that solicited the men to be a part of a privileged membership. It is these pilots with proven courage, and abilities that will go forward testing the next barrier: space. These tried and tested men have willingly placed themselves in danger day in and day out, yearning for the spot up the ladder to the top of the pyramid. It was not just a job for these pilots to break the sound barrier and beyond, but rather an obsession to become the next man at the top.
Using music to enhance ones performance can be traced all the way back to the Olympic games in ancient Greece. During the Olympic games musicians would play flute music, which accompanied an event needing to be coordinated in order to aid the participants (#). Due to variations in music’s intensity, tone, and tempo that can induce intensive mental and physical responses, and technology advances, large amounts of research directed toward music and the effect on task attentiveness has being done (Brownley 193). Numerous studies have supported the use of calm and motivational music while working out through studying heart rate, respiratory system, skin temperature, pain tolerance, and anxiety management. In a trial on the “Effect of Music on the Perception of Effort and Mood During Aerobic Type Exercise the Heart Rate” showed no difference on the heart rate with or without music, however, the report showed significant positive differences between the use of music and no music relative to the perception o...
It is a new day at the office, and workers are getting online to check their electronic mail, only to find that it has been over run by unsolicited junk mail. This mail, more commonly referred to as spam has been around since the beginning of the Internet, and according to a recent article, as the Internet has grown, so has spam (”Spam Spam” E.L.) A recent study by Star Internet, based on the typical number of staff spending ten minutes a day checking their mail, indicates that spam costs companies in the U.K. 472 dollars a year per worker, and on a national scale, spam costs U.K. firms 4.6 billion dollars a year (Gold F.A.). This is just one reason why bulk unsolicited (spam) e-mail is costly, time consuming, and should be banned.
As children, people become aware and sensitive to what others think of them. An infant has their first performance when they say their first word or take their first step. In her article, The Origins of Performance Anxiety, Julie Jaffee Nagel argues that even as an infant, one is aware that they are being judged. When an infant takes their first step, their parents applaud them and naturally that infant will grow to want that kind of approval or gratification. Nagel specifically states in her article that, “The very first review of our music was received in the nursery. Therein begins our sensitivity to the reaction of others to our music--and the root of performance anxiety” (Nagel, 64). We are conditioned from birth to put an importance on what others think of us. When a performer begins to harbor negative thoughts or feelings about the judgement of other, performance anxiety is born. Although in some cases it is subconscious, these emotions about judgement become instilled in every
Can deliberately killing a patient be justified? For some time, euthanasia has continued to be a topic of debate. Whether this is ethical or not remains a battle in countries all over the world. Many researchers have offered their perspective on the attitudes of nurses and their involvement and ethical implications of euthanasia in regards to the sanctity of life. I chose to discuss the implications euthanasia has on nursing because the nursing profession is rooted on providing care to the sick, implementing preventive measures, and the overall promotion of health. But I feel that euthanasia looses sight on the role of a nurse in providing quality care and maintaining focus on the patients’ needs by having a physician or nurse inject a patient with lethal doses of an analgesic that leads to death. Several researchers have found that nurses in favor of euthanasia justify their actions based on the principles of autonomy and preference utilitarianism. However, other researchers concluded from their studies nurses in opposition to euthanasia feel that autonomy goes against the healing process that the nursing profession is built. Rather, there is a need for better communication to be implemented in the care of these patients requesting euthanasia. This paper will discuss nurses’ attitudes toward euthanasia based on principles of autonomy and preference utilitarianism while also drawing attention to nurses in opposition of euthanasia who express the need for communication in nursing care for patients makes such requests.
All through history the human crowded has been pulled in to music. Whether it be a piece of a custom, a passionate discharge, religious reasons, or only for listening delight music has been at the inside of our general public. We have utilized music to communicate, tell stories, and let others into our contemplations. Nonetheless, we frequently ponder whether what we are stating has an impact on the listening crowd. As of late, in the 2000’s references have regularly been made to connection fierce and degenerate conduct to music and certain music classes.
Musical interpretation dating back to Ancient Greece drastically evolves through modern times. Psychological studies insist that melodic tunes potentially affect the brain as well as mental activities. The need to express emotions using musical talents exists in human nature, such as how a child relaxes by listening to lullabies and creating commotion. Not only does music affect a person’s mental health, but music’s nature also proves to aid in calming habits as well as creating an outlet for children with mental disorders like ASD, Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Care for patients in their last days, especially people with terminal illnesses poses ethical challenges to physicians and other healthcare providers. Today, Euthanasia remains ethical issue as proponents and opponents of this act offer their arguments in almost equal measure. Euthanasia is the action of intentionally ending one’s life in order to relieve them of pain and misery, and since there are various laws governing this practice in different countries, it is apparent many countries consider Euthanasia an ethical practice today (Have & Welie, 2005).
If wounded military men found enough comfort in music to derive an entire field of therapy, surely music will help students in dealing with the common stress of schoolwork. Not only can the comfort of music can help students cope with and overcome the fear of failure, but also test anxiety. Some believe that the incorporation of soft, relaxing music can relieve tension and help relax individuals when taking tests. A study titled “Effects of Music and Grade Consequences on Test Anxiety and Performance” was conducted at Texas State University to find out the true effect of music on test anxiety. Similar to the aforementioned study by Su and Wang, gave students either soft music or obnoxious music and measured the systolic blood pressure (SBP). The study
Autonomy is undermined by the concept of the best option for the patient and the patients right to choose. Without the legalization of euthanasia patients can’t legally exercise their right to consider all options. According to the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, in the code of conduct for nurses in Australia, Principle 3.6 under end-of-life care, Nurses have a vital role in helping the community to deal with the reality of death and its consequences. Part ‘a’ of this principle suggests that nurses must understand the limits of healthcare in prolonging life, and recognise when efforts to prolong life may not be in the best interest of the person. While euthanasia is illegal nurses are not able to accept the limits of health care in prolonging life or accept that ending someone’s life to end that persons suffering may be in the best interest of the
Every performer, no matter how long they’ve been in the business will be effected by psychological setbacks. These effects can cause major upsets to the level of a performer’s performance, so something must be done to control these feelings. All performers have different techniques to cope with these symptoms, and in this next section I will provide some of these.
Online journalism is a media with a mixture of internet, photographs, and videos. On the online articles, there are additional links for transparency, information that explain the articles and exchange different opinions on the internet (Humprecht and Esser 1). The problem of online journalism is that people cannot figure out if they are reading a real article or a tabloid. Katharine Viner, a Guardian writer, assets that people likely spread alternative facts without noticing. Also, she points out that news industries struggle to increase their profits. Technology advancement causes online stories to spread out and people overlook those fake facts without doubting. In order to solve this problem, online news must tell the truth (Humprecht and Frank 16), news industries need plans to maintain their position as news providers (Viner) and people need the skill to find which articles are true. I have chosen this topic because this is my area of interest. Journalism has changed its shape to assimilate with the digital world. Since I plan to major in journalism at university, I thought this