The Indian state of Odisha, formerly known as Orissa, is located on the eastern coast of India. It is surrounded on one side from the Bay of Bengal and on the other side shared its borders from many other Indian states like West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh. The modern state of Orissa was established in the year 1st April, 1936 and it was on 13th April, 1948 that Bubneshwar got selected as the state’s capital replacing Cuttack. In order to go about talking about formulating a sustainable livelihood policy for Odisha considering its inherent natural resources and impending climate change we need to start from the state’s bounty of natural resources and its topography. This would further our discussion towards the much more significant and important issue to be looked into in the coming pages.
1.Physical Aspects
As we all know that India has been divided into 15 agro-climatic zones. This has been done to help in proper agricultural planning on the basis of these zones. The basic fundamental reason for their division is “the soil type, climate including temperature and rainfall and its variation and water resource availability.” (Singh, 2013) . Parts of the state of Odisha lie in the East coast and hills region and Eastern plateau and hills region. In order to understand the state of Odisha better, we will now elaborate on those aspects which are influenced by these agro-climatic regions.
1.1 Location:
The state of Odisha is located in the eastern coast at 17 degree 49’ N-22 Degree 34’N and 81 Degree 29’E-87 Degree 29’E longitude. The state has a total area of 155707 sq. km.
1.2 Climate:
On the eastern coast of India, the state enjoys a tropical monsoon type of climate. It receives an annual average rainfall of about 200cm. The annual cyclones from the Bay of Bengal play a major role in influencing the climate in a big way and bring huge amounts of rainfall with two seasonal peaks, July-August and October-November. Also during the winter, all other parts remain almost dry except for Northern Odisha.
1.3 Population:
The state of Odisha is ranked at 11th position in terms of population in India. The census of Orissa 2011 was conducted in the state by the Census of India (A Govt. of India undertaking). Apart from other Population statistics, Literacy rate in Orissa has witnesses a major growth and has increased to 73.45 percent according to current Census data.
...ion even more. We tend to shop for more products that we want because we are never contented on what we have. This results into an increase amount of electronic waste products that often end up in our landfills, or are being burned in incinerators, all to which are the cause of air, land, and water pollution.
...ver in the northeast, and the Indus River Valley in the northwest. The Deccan Plateau in southern India, like most plateaus, is a barren land where only grass can grow. This caused the area to be populated by herders and the area never created a civilization due to a lack of agriculture, as well as Western and Eastern Ghats along the Deccan Plateau causing transportation in the region to be difficult.
Sandikhola has a subtropical climate and receives on average 1400-2000mm of rain per year and has an average of 26oC. Sandikhola has a two-season year made up of the dry and wet seasons. The dry season runs from October to May and the wet season from June to September.
Economic Stability is something that is just not guaranteed in a consumer-style society. With big businesses taking over America, there is little room for small businesses to get a foot-hold. And as world economy is continually shifting, it is growing ever harder for the middle class family to make ends-meat. This is another substantial reason why Americans are informing themselves on alternate food options. There is a growing push for locally grown foods and “organic” farms. However, true sustainability in America is still a far way off. With this being the case, many individuals are taking a look at other countries and smaller-scale communities in lesser developed areas that are still self-sustaining and actually do well in their own socio-economic
Let us have a look at the definition of livelihood and its sustainability. Livelihood is defined as "A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (including both material and social resources) and activities required for a means of living." (Source: Chambers, Conway, December 1992) Capabilities of the household to address the needs to be fulfilled to live the dignified life can be enhanced by ensuring sustainable livelihood. Sustainable livelihood can be defined as follows – “A livelihood is sustainable which can cope with and recover from stress and shocks, maintain or enhance capabilities or assets, and provide sustainable livelihood opportunities for next generation”. (Source: Chambers, Conway, December 1992)
About one third of this extremely poor country floods annually during the rainy monsoon season, causing for bad economic development. Bangladesh has three main seasons; tropical, mild winter that lasts from October to March, a hot humid summer that goes from March to June, and a humid, warm monsoon season that brings them back to October. The terrain of the country is mostly flat plains across the country and hilly on the southeast side. Bangladesh shares many cultural and geographical features with nearby West Bengal. The country has come so far in the last few decades by gaining their independence.
Sustainability is a concept with a diverse array of meanings and definitions – a widely used glamorous, ambiguous, ambivalent and vague concept that is used by different stakeholder groups in various ways. Presumably to avoid noodling over a terminology or to avoid the confrontation with a definition, most widely the concept is broken down a planning process (c.f. e.g. Döring & Muraca, 2010). That is why most common sustainability is understood as sustainable development.1
The Indus Valley is located in northern India and is an important site concerning the early beginnings of agriculture in the old world. The geography, environment, and timeframe of the Indus Valley are distinct to the area and different from other sites of agricultural origin. Many plants and animals were domesticated in the Indus Valley, and due to the areas susceptibility to flooding, technological innovations had to take place. The Indus Valley is important to understanding the beginnings of agriculture and early civilization.
Improvements in the socio-economic patterns in India, China, Brazil and few other developing countries have opened new channels & opportunities for precision agriculture in these countries (Mondal, P. and Basu, M., 2009)”. India is a land of agriculture with large numbers of crops cultivated and the major pulses like wheat, pulses, rice, cotton, maize within top 10 in the world. However, when you take into consideration the ranking on quality wise it does not reach high. Although crops are being grown in India, The ratio of fertilizers used per area and the nutrition needs of the plants are not met. It is almost 3-5 times lesser to what is used in developed countries. With PA, you can achieve this needs of the plants, but studying the crop, soil and terrains. With the recent advancement in ISRO (Indian Satellite Research Organization) launching GPS and the IT revolution has changed the Indian environment making inroads for new scopes in farm sectors. There is also a misinterpretation that these technologies cannot be used in small scale farms. There are few technologies like chlorophyll meter (SPAD) and leaf colour chart (LCC) hand held portable devices to determine the timing of crop and the nutrient content. Government has been supportive in encouraging growers in small community to use GIS systems, and internet to understand the
As agriculture has become more intensive, farmers have become capable of producing higher yields using less labour and less land. Growth of the agriculture has not, however, been an unmixed blessing. It, like every other thing, has its pros and cons. Topsoil depletion, groundwater contamination, the decline of family farms, continued neglect of the living and working conditions for farm labourers, increasing costs of production, and the disintegration of economic and social conditions in rural communities. These are the cons of the new improved agriculture.
Indian population has a mixture of culture, variety of languages and difference in resources. The difference in occupational structure, literacy level, health status and other socio-economic factors among the states leads to the
Sustainable development refers to not only meet the needs of contemporary people, but also not compromising the ability of future generations to meet development needs.Sustainable development and environmental protection have established contact, not the same. Environmental protection is an important aspect of sustainable development. The core of sustainable development is development, but requires strict control of the population, improve population quality and protect the environment for the conduct of economic and social development under the premise of sustainable use of resources.
Environmental sustainability is making decisions and taking actions in the interest of protecting the natural world, preserving the capability of the environment to support human life and ensuring that humans use the environment in a way that does not harm the environment. It also questions how economic development affects our environment vice versa.
With an area of about 144,000 sq. kilometers, Bangladesh occupies a unique geographic location spanning a stretch of land between the mighty Himalayan mountain chain to the north and the open ocean the south. The Ganges, Brahmaputra, the Meghna, and their networks are virtually the only drainage outlet for a vast river basin. The convergence of these three mighty rivers keeps Bangladesh and its people constantly on the verge of another big flood. The country is criss-crossed by a network of rivers and their tributaries numbering about 230. Silt deposited by these rivers during the rainy season results in the recurrence of floods almost every year. The three broad topographical regions are, flood plains, occupying about 80%; terraces about 8% and hills about 12% of the land area, which make at further sub-division into 20 generalized topographical units. Bangladesh has mai...
Planetariums have long been playing a crucial role in refining the astronomical concepts of the people of India. The country now has fifty five planetariums. The highest number of planetariums, which is six, is in Gujarat, Maharashtra and West Bengal. Next to them are Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh having four planetariums. Bihar and Assam have three planetariums, while Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Punjab and Telangana have two planetariums. Other states like Goa, Haryana, Manipur, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan and Sikkim have one planetarium. The states which do not operate any planetarium are ten, namely, Arunachal Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura