Chapter 2
Literature review
Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) and the related techniques were developed in aerospace, electronics and nuclear power industries. It is called Probabilistic Safety Assessment, PSA, or Probabilistic Risk Assessment, PRA, in these sectors. In 1970s and 1980s this method’s application started in process industry. The Canvey study (HSE 1978, 1981) and the Rijnmond study (Rijnmond Public Authority, 1982) are some good examples of its application.
Quantitative Risk Assessment was developed by TNO Defense Security and Safety (the Netherlands). van der Voort et al. (2007) used this tool for the first time for external safety of industrial plants with a dust explosion hazard explosion hazard. They divided the industrial plant into modules and then found out the explosion scenarios with their frequency of occurrence. They, then, calculated the consequences for external objects and human beings followed by followed by calculation of risk contours and societal risk (FN Curve) eventually.
Zhiyong, Xiangmin, & Jianxin (2010) presented a case study of a hydrogen refueling station where QRA methodology was applied to calculate the potential risk exposure of people in the station. They evaluated the risks exposure to the staff working at the stations, the customers coming for refueling and the third parties also by considering both individual risk and societal risk for risk assessment. Compressor leak was found to be the major cause of the risks. To reduce occupation risk elevation of compressor was proposed as an effective mitigation measure for the station staff. For customers the risk could be minimized either by elevating the compressors or by setting enclosures around the compressors. Same measures could be ...
... middle of paper ...
...nd fault tolerance could be identified. (Liu & Chiou, 1997) focused on the use of petri nets for failure analysis instead of fault trees. They devised a trapezoidal graph method to account for failure scenarios.
Till then the probability of occurrence of the basic events of a petri net was assumed to be constant but they could have different failure rates in reality. Taking this into consideration (Adamyan et al., 2002) extended the work using petri net to model such complex processes like failure analysis of a robotic manufacturing cell. Then a new approach was proposed by (Reza, Pimple, Krishna, & Hildle, 2009). They showed how using petri nets and fault tree analysis both forward and backward reachability analyses that are related to acceptable and unacceptable behaviors of the system are performed by taking a case study of railway crossing system as an example.
The article ‘Web of Risks’ by Brad Stone, is about how young adults misuse social media and there are consequences. Cameron Walker, a sophomore at Fisher College had organized a petition dedicated to getting a campus security guard fired and put it on Facebook. Marc Zuckerberg designed Facebook in 2003 and it is a well-known website used worldwide. On the Facebook page Walker wrote that the security guard harassed students and needed to be eliminated. His plan backfired due to his use of wording and it came off threatening so he was expelled. Social media is looked at as a way to express yourself. Different social networks are used such as Facebook, Bebo, and Myspace. On these sites sometimes personal life is published,
There is a lot of complexity in understanding risk management and its correlation to homeland security. Risk management is a way to approach the fact that securing the homeland is not certain and there are unknown variables in every aspect of life; risk management is a way to narrow down the focus based on quantifiable information determining probability against capability. Risk management plays and integral role in homeland security. Risk management is employed using a formula described in the NIPP for establishing a narrow scope to make the best decision about protecting infrastructure. The risk management formula lays down the foundation to make the most reasonable determination based on the potential consequences, vulnerability, and
...ial approaches which are Normal Accident and HROs, although it seems certain that both of them tends to limit the progression that can contribute toward achieving to highly protective systems. This is because the scope of the problems is too narrow and the potential of the solutions is too limited as well. Hence, Laporte and Consolini et.al., (1991) as cited in Marais, et.al., (2004) conclude that the most interesting feature of the high reliability organization is to prioritize both performance and security by the managerial oversight. In addition, the goal agreement must be an official announcement. In essence, it is recommended that there is a continuing need in the high risk organizations for more awareness of developing security system and high reliability environment in order to gain highly successful method to lower risk in an advance technology system.
Infrastructure and specifically transportation projects are complex endeavors and risk assessment for them is a complicated process. Risks are often interrelated or correlated to each other and occurrence of some might cause other risks to occur. For example, technical risk usually carries cost and schedule consequences. Schedule risks typically impact cost escalation and project overhead. Consequently, likelihood of a risk’s occurrence and its impact on the scope of a specific context of the project, must be carefully considered.
As a result a huge number of organisations have become software dependent. Some of these systems are used to safeguard the lives of many people. This means that if these systems were to fail they could lead to devastating consequences. Here are some examples of where software systems are used heavily and could be very dangerous if they were to fail - aviation, hospitals, space exploration, nuclear power stations and communications. I will be looking at some examples of actual software failure in these fields to explain the reasons why systems fail.2.0 Reasons for Systems FailureIf software systems failure can be so dangerous why can they not be completely eliminated? According to Parnas, "The main reason is that software can never be guaranteed to be 100% reliable.
National security in the United States is extremely important and requires extensive risk management measures including strategic, exercise, operational and capability-based planning, research, development, and making resource decisions in order to address real-world events, maintain safety, security and resilience (Department of Homeland Security [DHS], 2011). The national security and threat assessment process consists of identifying the risk and establishing an objective, analyzing the relative risks and environment, exploring alternatives and devising a plan of action for risk management, decision making and continued monitoring and surveillance (DHS, 2011). Identifying risks entails establishing a context to define the risk, considering related risks and varying scenarios, including the unlikely ones, which then leads to the analysis phase; gathering data and utilizing various methodologies and analysis data software systems to survey incidence rates, relative risks, prevalence rates, likelihood and probable outcomes (DHS, 2011). These two key phases lay the foundation to explore alternatives and devise action plans. Threats, vulnerabilities and consequences (TCV) are also a key component of many national security risk management assessments because it directly relates to safety and operation capabilities, but the text stress that it should not be included in the framework of every assessment because it is not always applicable (DHS, 2011).
Risk investigation and risk assessment forms have their limitations since, when security occurrences happen, they rise in a specific circumstance, and their irregularity and even their uniqueness offer ascent to unusual dangers. The investigation of these marvels which are described by breakdowns, shocks and reactions, requires a hypothetical approach which can inspect and decipher subjectively the detail of each
Bersani, C., & Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Advanced Technologies and Methodologies for Risk Management in the Global Transport of Dangerous Goods. (2008). Advanced technologies and methodologies for risk management in the global transport of dangerous goods. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
Pitblado, R. and Turney, R. (1996). Risk Assessment in the Process Industries. 2nd ed. Rugby: Institution of Chemical Engineers.
Job safety analysis (JSA) is a methodology which helps to integrate maximum safety and health principles and practices into a particular task or job operation. In this analysis, each potential hazard is identified with its corresponding safety tactics to minimize it. JSA has certain steps of acquisitions; first analyze the type of work, where it can happen?
...o, consider using risk assessment when working in confined spaces because it would help determine the level of risks present provided with particular control measures to be done, and the person subjected to harm.
As the first step, identify potential risks plays a crucial role in the risk management process. The core purpose of identifying risk is to figure out causes of risk and analyze result caused by the risks and its probability . Hence, risk identification can begin with the source of problem, or with the problem itself. The chosen method of identifying risk may depend on culture, industry practice and compliance. The identification
A hazard is a potential damage, adverse health or harm that may effects something or someone at any conditions. Other than that, the risk may be high or low, that somebody could be harmed depending on the hazards. Risk assessment is a practice that helps to improve higher quality of the develop process and manufacturing process. It is also a step to examine the failure modes of the product in order to achieve higher standard of safety and product reliability. Unfortunately, it is common that a product safety risk assessments are not undertaken, or not carried out effectively by manufacturer. Mostly an unsafe and unreliable product was produced and launched on to the market. Thus, the safety problems are mostly identified after an accident happened or after manufacturing problems arisen. In order to prevent risk, a person should take enough precautions or should do more to prevent them because as a user should be protected from harm that usually caused by a failure for whom did not take reasonable control measures.
Salmon, P. M., Cornelissen, M., & Trotter, M. J. (2012). Systems-based accident analysis methods: A comparison of Accimap, HFACS, and STAMP. Safety Science, 50(4), 1158-1170.
Risk identification is a part of risk management process. Risk identification is the first step in risk management process. Risk management have a several definitions. Firstly, risk management can be define as the process to determining characteristics, duration period and possible outcomes of all possible risk events or hazard which can give a positive or negative effect or impact to business or other projects. Other than that, risk identification also can be defined as an action that taken to identify the risks that exposed to the business entity or other organizations.