Lymphoma
Lymphoma or lymphatic cancer is a very serious and life threatening disease. In this country there is an estimated 63,900 new cases, 7,100 of which are Hodgkin’s lymphoma as opposed to non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Since around the 70’s the occurrence of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma has almost doubled while the occurrence of Hodgkin’s disease has declined. (Steen, 1993)
Lymphoma is the name given to a cancer that infects the lymphatic system. In a case of lymphoma the lymphatic system has cells that multiply and cannot be stopped. There are two main types of lymphoma, Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is called lymphoma and Hodgkin’s type lymphoma is called Hodgkin’s disease. Hodgkin’s disease is different from non-Hodgkin’s disease in that Hodgkin’s disease has a Reed-Sternberg cell present in the areas infected with the cancer. Hodgkin’s disease occurs mainly in people between 15 and 40 or over 55. Non-Hodgkin’s type cancer is much more common than Hodgkin’s disease. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is a group of over 29 types of lymphoma. These are classified by the US National Cancer society as aggressive or fast multiplying or indolent, slow multiplying. (Lymphoma Information Network)
The lymphatic system protects the body from agents that could cause disease like bacteria or viruses. Within this system, that consists of organs such as the spleen and tonsils, there are organs that destroy foreign agents, those organs are called lymph nodes. The lymphatic system works as follows; the bone marrow produces blood cells including white blood cells. White blood cells are the cells that find and destroy disease-causing agents. Both B and T cells change a great deal to defend the body from pathogen. It is while the B cells are transforming that cancers can infect them. (Lymphoma Information Network)
What causes Hodgkin’s disease is not known, but the symptoms are well known and somewhat easy to detect. One’s lymph nodes in the neck, armpit or chest begin to swell. The swelling should be painless to touch, not sore or tender, if it were sore it would most probably be caused by ...
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Lymphoma is diagnosed by taking tissue from an inflamed area and looking at it under a microscope. It is treated much in the same way as Hodgkin’s disease, with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Lymphoma however can be treated in very different ways than Hodgkin’s disease. Observation is one method in which a slow growing lymphoma is simply watched until it affects or is going to affect an organ. If a relapse occurs a cell-stem transplant is done. (Mayo Health Clinic)
Bibliography
Buckman, R.(1995). What You Really Need to Know about
Cancer. London: The John Hopkin’s press ltd.
Cancerbacup. September. 1999. http://www.cancerbacup. org.uk/info/hodgkins.htm Cancerhelp UK. April. 1999. http://medweb.bham.ac.uk/ cancerhelp/public/specific/lymphoma/treat/which.html Lymphoma Information Network. October 3. 1999. http://www.lymphomainfo.net Mayo Clinic. 1999. http://www.mayohealth.org/mayo/
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Steen, R. (1993). The conspiracy of Cells. New York:
Plenum press.
Lymphoid tissue is made up of cells called lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that fights infection. There are 2 major types of lymphocytes: B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). Normal T cells and B cells have different jobs. But because all the importance of these cells they can travel around the body spreading the cancerous cells. There are four stages for Hodgkin’s lymphoma when testing is completed the doctors can determine what stage the cancer is at and what treatment will be best suited to fighting the disease.
The B cells, T cells, Macrophage, and Antibodies are all a very large part of the immune system. There are two types of T cells, killer and helper T cells. Killer T cells find and destroy cells infected with bacteria, and helper T cells control the activity of other cells in the immune system. Then, B cells are considered the “clean up crew,” attacking any bacteria or viruses the T cell left behind. They also make antibodies, which are essential for trapping invading viruses and
The immune system is the body's third line of defense. It is a network of several tissues and white blood cells. The tissues of the immune system are bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and adenoids. The white blood cells of the immune system are called lymphocytes (Postlethwait Hopson, Modern Biology).
Hodgkin’s lymphoma is a form of cancer in the lymphatic system. This type of lymphoma originates in the white blood cells, and spreads throughout the lymph nodes in the body. The cause of Hodgkin’s lymphoma is unknown, and it is sometimes found by chance. This disease is typically treated with chemotherapy and radiation and, if found in the early stages, the patient has a good chance of being fully cured.
There are two types of lymphoma, Hodgkin disease and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and even though they are different they both begin the same way. Like other cancers, lymphoma results when cells divide too quickly or do not die because of a discrepancy in their genes. The cells that are affected in this type of cancer are white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes make up around 20 to 40 percent of all white blood cells, and are divided into two categories, B or T. Both types help support the immune system by destroying infectious or foreign substances, but B lymphocytes make antibodies to fight these substances while T lymphocytes directly attack the unwanted substances. These cells work in the lymph system which is a part of the immune system. The main jobs of the lymph system are to protect the body from unwanted substances and to transport waste. The system includes many vital organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, thymus, and the digestive tract. When lymphocytes become cancerous they collect in the lymph nodes therefore blocking the passage of waste and other white blood cells while also using the nodes as a system to travel and spread to other parts of body. These cancerous cells do not die and become a burden for the body because they can no longer fulfill their ...
Our immune system protects our bodies from pathogens like bacteria and viruses very efficiently in most cases. One big question that has come up is why does the immune system not respond to cancerous cells in the same way? Why are cancer cells not eradicated like other dangerous foreign cells? This seems very strange, especially since the immune system has cells that are specific to destroying cancer cells and virus-infected cells, called natural killer cells. To begin to answer this question it is useful to examine cancer cells and their interactions with the immune system in more detail.
Social media can greatly affect anyone, no matter the age. With the research provided there is an accurate assumption that social media can have a negative and positive effect on the youthful. Schools have allowed kids to do homework with electronic devices even though some teachers agree that social media has a heavy impact on students. Social media can be a positive outlet for those who practice it correctly and can increase many skills. There are many positives and negatives when using technology that parental guidance is required. Even though, social media is supposed to be primarily the instrument for a connection and communication with others, p...
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