In his book A Shopkeepers Millenium, Paul E. Johnson tells of a settlement in early 1800s Western New York called Rochester, an inland, water-powered town which thrived by dint of mercantilism, trade, and supplying manufacturing goods for nearby towns and travelers passing through. Rochester’s mills made it famous, and commerce thrived in Rochester because it had goods that were in high demand. Rochester’s settlers were wealthy men, and maintained this by carefully courting wealthy women or having their family members marry into wealth. In the late 1820’s, Rochester succumbed to public drunkenness, debauchery, and an uncontrolled lower class. Johnson argues that the evangelical revival during the winter of 1931 was a reaction to dissolution …show more content…
Workers, who had traditionally lived with their masters in what was a very common social contract, began to work in prototypical assembly lines, where the manufacturing of a good lay in the hands of men in varying professions. Johnson uses the business of a shoemaking as an example of this stark change in business practices. In 1831, one shoemaker reported that ”most of the work” was done in boardinghouses. (39) By 1834, there existed distinct locations for the different steps used to manufacture shoes. Contractors in Rochester came to realize that making unique houses was inefficient and costly. Contractors began producing house frames with similar architecture very prolificly, and another group of men would build upon the house. The uprising of mercantilism in Rochester, according to Johnson, was a key player in dissociating worker from master. When masters realized that there was money in selling the goods made by multiple, separate workers at a profit, the definition of a “skilled craft” changed. No longer was a master limited to working with what he was skilled at. He could amass a workforce to make a product for him, and working men came out of contact with the final product. (41) As mentioned earlier, workers typically lived with their masters. In doing so they adopted the rules, tenets, and ideals of their masters. Masters in 1820’s Rochester were typically religious men who kept their workers in moral check. When masters physically distanced themselves from workers, usually by separating the management and work sections of a business, workers were put under less
As an overview of an antique store manager, their duties are provided as follows. First, an antique store manager must be dedicated to their interest in antiques. They attend certain sales to locate antiques for their store or to find the specific requests of their customers. After purchasing the antiques, the manager is responsible for the appraising and valuing the antiques that are brought into the store for sale. Sometimes they have to renovate, repair, and refurnish their items; while doing the restorations, they have to make sure to use the appropriate methods that will not diminish the value of the item. Once the antiques are restored, the manager must correctly price the items in his store and be able to authenticate the items. Furthermore, they do the hiring, training, and scheduling of staff, while overseeing the daily operation of the store.
consciousness of artisans in New York City during the Jacksonian period. (pp. 14 & 25) The pre-industrial revolutions of the 1800s provided many avenues of employment for masters, journeymen, and laborers; however, the transformation of a merchant capitalist economy provided for many masters to subdivide labor. (pp. 113) Contracted work caused a rift in the structure of the old artisanal class. Masters no longer needed to employ apprentices since they hired out separate tradesmen for the...
A Shopkeeper’s Millennium, Authored by, Paul E Johnson in 1978, conveys the idea of the changing routes in trade, due to the efficiency of Eerie Canal, and the splitting political efforts from "The Elites", farmers turned business entrepreneurs, attempting to control the reformation movements until the religious revivals of Charles Finney, introduced a patriarchy style leadership to control the social and moral lives of the people in the city of Rochester. The author presents his narrative as more of a case study of the social, political, economic and religious development of the Middle Class Society in New York, evident by the brilliant use of information gathered from church records, economic registers, and political documents. There is a very interesting aspect that can be extracted from the narrative, specifically the separation of church and state. Were the “Elites” of Rochester of 1830, in violation of the first amendment of the US Constitution that became effective in 1789?
The textile industry was, at one time, one of the largest industries in the south. Starting in the late 1800’s with small local looms, and spreading to become corporations who controled the south and whose influence stretched internationally. One of the first textile industries came to Gaston County North Carolina, and its huge success led to the opening of mills across the Carolina’s and Virginia. As these industries grew they began to control more and more of its employees lives. These huge corporations were permitted to take advantage of individuals because of their inability to fight back. The employyees of these mills lived in conditions resembling that of slaves before the civil war. They were worked greuling hours in inhospitable prisons called textile plants, yet were paid on average less than any other industrial worker in America. In the early twentieth century a sentiment of contempt began to grow between the laboring class and the all-powerful corporation. The masses began to push for union representation.
The time of the Industrial Revolution was one of immense change for both men and women. The new advancements of British machinery that sparked the Industrial Revolution transformed the economy and way of life in the United States, specifically New England and neighboring states. The recent developments lead to children and women, most of whom were immigrants, to work in factories to produce textiles and ready-made clothing. The factory owners of Lowell exploited the girls’ safety and time, yet the occupation provides opportunities that were not even imaginable before.
Since factories started to incorporate machines through industrialization, the required long hours were not needed anymore. The working class wanted to have more freedom away from their jobs. “They also desired more free time to rest, eat their dinners, enjoy conversations and drink beer” (Green 162). Since the rest of America was enjoying freedom, the working class wanted to have a part in it as well. The idea of not being dependent on their wages, was extremely important to the working class at this time. Also with factories mainly supplying unskilled work, skilled workers started to feel degraded in their proud craft. “By the same token, proud American and European craftsmen viewed other forms of unskilled or menial labor as degrading” (Green 107). Although factories allowed their skilled workers to keep their jobs, they expected them to take a pay cut. Also with the pay cut, the skilled workers were forced to give up the skilled work that they took pride in. With workers becoming frustrated with not having freedom and, skilled workers not being treated fairly unions were
However, both groups consciously reshaped the organizing framework of religion to diminish its ordering of their lives within the public and private sphere. Prothero posits that while “The Bible remained authoritative [. . .] Americans insisted on interpreting it for themselves” (47), especially women who lived under its patriarchal construction. “In that effort,” Prothero continues “they were assisted by a new culture hero: the populist preacher, who combined evangelicalism and egalitarianism in daring new ways” (47). Prothero maintains that it was “the rise of pulpit storytelling” (51) that allowed such reimagining of religious ideology. Prothero goes on to argue that the “story sermon” (51) as a rhetorical style “did not catch on as fast in New England as it did in the South and the West (51),” a point ...
During the nineteenth century, Europe had made its way into an age of industrialization, Great Britain being the leader, making progress to resemble the modern era. With the new innovations and technologies, profits soared and industries thrived, but the laboring class had suffered at the cost of modern industry. Before factories started rising all over Europe, and even before the establishment of factories solely near a water source, the “factories” of that time were in the homes of rural laborers, engaged in the putting-out system in which they manufactured textiles in the comforts of their own homes. However, when these new factories had opened, the putting-out system was no match for the factories that were producing goods ten times faster than the production in the homes of rural people. Being forced to move into the urban cities, workers came to the realization that they did not enjoy the environment and conditions of the factories because of the disadvantages they imposed in comparison to working at home. In addition to these problems, much of Europe had just recovered from
Factory workers of this time had very little freedom. Aside from having to work outrageous hours for 6 days of the week, there was no job security, no solid way to survive day-to-day, and if a family member were to suffer an accident, families had no financial means to carry on. In the early 1900s, there were no labor laws, including the right to organize, an eight-hour day, safety standards, or unemployment/disability pensions. M...
“The revivals awakened and refreshed the spiritual energies of thousands of colonists struggling with the uncertainties and anxieties of eighteenth-century America.”(American Promise, p.131) People living in the 18th century needed a safe house. These people wanted a place to go where they would be accepted, forget their hardships, fellowship with people that were suffering like they were, and for once feel like they weren’t alone. Although no one denomination would dominate, “it was the first major event that all the colonies could share, helping to break down differences between them.”(US history, p.1).
Economy in the sense of jobs, labor systems, industrialization, and social classes. Why was there a call for such mass production of goods? The need of hundreds of workers, and the inhumane conditions put upon these workers commonly led to their death? Americas movement into a consumer culture pushed for a new way of life. Instead of making things for themselves, they wanted to buy things for themselves. Therefore businesses needed a way to make enough products at a low enough cost so that people could buy them. This therefore led to employers hiring hundreds of workers that got paid very little. By doing so, it provided a way for businesses to produce and provide cheaply. As discussed in the textbook, workers commonly quit due to the awful labor systems that were like a “scene that resembled hell” (Roark, Johnson, Cohen, Stage, Hartmann). The textbook expands on these work conditions, and how the employers may choose to pay their workers less at any given time. It is no wonder that so much of the population was in poverty. The survival of many families depended on contributions from each family member, this is known as the family
The Industrial Revolution in America began to develop in the mid-eighteen hundreds after the Civil War. Prior to this industrial growth the work force was mainly based in agriculture, especially in the South (“Industrial Revolution”). The advancement in machinery and manufacturing on a large scale changed the structure of the work force. Families began to leave the farm and relocate to larger settings to work in the ever-growing industries. One area that saw a major change in the work force was textile manufacturing. Towns in the early nineteen hundreds were established around mills, and workers were subjected to strenuous working conditions. It would take decades before these issues were addressed. Until then, people worked and struggled for a life for themselves and their families. While conditions were harsh in the textile industry, it was the sense of community that sustained life in the mill villages.
Before the modern age, workers generally created their own products by hand, but this type of labor process has changed drastically with the rise of new technology and resources. Due to this change, workers were unconnected to their products; since they were no longer involved in the production, they were essentially separated from the creation. During the Industrial Revolution and the Second Industrial Revolution, otherwise known as the Technological Revolution, the rise of technology brought in new machinery that replaced workers. Machines controlled workers; as mentioned in lecture, workers lost all control when they were part of the assembly line. Also in Charlie Chaplin's film, Modern Times, workers had little or no control over the pace of the work, and the smallest distractions can slow down production. This was how workers and labor were described in the mechanized world. Herbert G. Gutman exp...
Increased Visibility of a particular brand on the shelf increases their success rate. Therefore many of the major stores are promoting their own brands by giving them a larger shelf space which is bigger then their market share. This reduces the visibility of other branded products at the same time.
Evangelicalism did not evolve or operate in a space. It is essential to consider the ways in which members of this group participated in and changed their culture, and, conversely, to assess how its social context provided both the ideas which evangelicalism adopted or transformed and those which it actively rejected or resisted. As movements that came of age during the first half of the nineteenth century, Evangelical Protestantism can be understood most clearly in the political, economic, and religious contexts of post-revolutionary American society. Although the movement would come to effect profound changes in its society it was very much in a sense that the culture had grown ripe for its emergence. The tension between the evangelical movement and the past movements radicalism and centrism suggests that American society was still very much in transition from one era to another: the Revolution was not yet complete.