Introduction
Scientific research is a variety of methods to help investigate ways to solve problems and find causes and effects of different information. Zmatana. K (2012) brings forth the argument that for research to be classified as scientific it needs a set of guidelines, protocols and long established methods to gather documenting information. Reliability is defined as how frequent a research can yield the same or similar results. Validity is how a research paints a real picture of the real world by including thoughts and feelings of answers and results given. Quantitative data is the process of using numerical statistics to help assess occurrences and discover facts Zmatana.K . Quantitative research is a collection of data in numerical form, such as statistics and percentages. McCusker .K and Gunaydin .S (2015)’s qualitative research is characterized by its aims, which relay to accepting some aspect of social life and its methods which help generate words, rather than numbers as data for analysis. Furthermore, qualitative data uses words which are understanding and have a description, whereas, using numerical analysis, for example, statistics help find data. Scientific research is vital in sports therapy because according to Page. P (2012), Physical therapists must understand the different research methods and types, in order to implement evidence-based practice, which shows that by using scientific research it will help gather vital information for sports therapist. Evidence based practice in sports physical therapy may improve health care quality, reduce medical errors and help known benefits and risks Manske, C. and Lehecka, B. (2012).
Research Design
The first article by Driediger et al (2006) is a research journal wh...
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... Forsdyke.D, they both bring fourth the idea that using imagery tends to serve two main functions, cognitive and motivational. Whereas, Cupal and Brewer in the article states that imagery may be beneficial to ACL. This shows that they both agree that imagery can benefit an athlete when they have an injury. Disagreements amongst the authors are with regards to the amount of participants used, in the article by Cupal and Brewer, which concludes with more participants, would be better as a result because it would give them a broader statistical analysis of the research. Research can be improved by explaining on what research is therefore the reader can understand on what the topic would be about. The literature provided corresponds with and supports the essay question hence explaining the importance of scientific research and evidence based practice in sports therapy.
Sport and exercise science is a multidisciplinary field that draws on knowledge from the broader parent disciplines, the subareas that make up sport and exercise science also draw on measures, constructs and concepts from each other. In fact, it is suggested that sport psychology should include knowledge from other sub-disciplines within sport and exercise science in order to gain better understanding of situations specific to
This study aim is to determine the influence of mental imagery techniques on sport performance among UiTM female hockey player. In addition, it will be a significant to coach and athletes to enhance sport performances. Besides, they will be more concern about importance of imagery towards athletes. Furthermore, the benefit of this study can contribute to theory and knowledge in psychological field. Other than that, the result of this study can be a guideline for players or coaches to improve the performances.
Wiese-Bjornstal, D. M., Smith, A. M., & LaMott, E. E. (1995). A model of psychological response to athletic injury and rehabilitation. Athletic training: Sport health care perspectives, 17-30.
The second state I have chosen to write about is the beautiful state of Yucatan. It has been a pleasure living here and although Yucatan is considered to be part of Mexico it has developed as if it was its own country. Having so many different cultures influencing it you can see the European, American and Mexican influences in the food, architecture and History that Yucatan has. Yucatan has been in the middle of many great battles, diplomatic situations and conquest. It has been a privilege to see the Mayan, Spanish and Mexican influences collide with each other. I have seen how indigenous people still fight to preserve their language but understand that the world is evolving with or without them, which forces many to learn multiple languages. Yucatan is filled with a different amount of languages you have French, English, Spanish, Mayan and a whole bunch of many different languages mostly having to do with Having one of the seven wonders of the modern world which is Chichen itza.
The development of knowledge requires a number of processes in order to establish credible data to ensure the validity and appropriateness of how it can be used in the future. For the healthcare industry, this has provided the ability to create and form new types of interventions in order to give adequate care across a of number of fields within the system. Research then, has been an essential part in providing definitive data, either by disproving previous beliefs or confirming newly found data and methods. Moreover, research in itself contains its own process with a methodological approach. Of the notable methods, quantitative research is often used for its systemic approach (Polit & Beck, 2006). Thus, the use of the scientific method is used, which also utilizes the use of numerical data (Polit & Beck). Here, researches make use of creating surveys, scales, or placing a numerical value on it subjects (Polit & Beck). In the end the resulting data is neutral and statistical. However, like all things its approach is not perfect, yet, it has the ability to yield valuable data.
Sports psychology can be defined as the study and application of the attitudes and behaviors of athletes (including team athletes) that impact (either positively or negatively) performance in sports or competitive settings. The goal of sports psychology is to help athletes and teams identify unhealthy attitudes and beliefs, apply mental toughness skills and peak performance strategies to perform at optimal levels (Cohn). Sports psychology is not recognized as a traditional field of practice offered by graduate programs; although, it is a recognized field of specific study under Kinesiology and Physical Education Programs. Sports psychology was first founded in 1920 by Carl Diem in Berlin, Germany. Later on, in 1925, sport psychology was brought to the U.S by Cloman Griffith. These early psychologists aimed to observe the effects of mental state on different factors of performance such as reaction time, tension, relaxation, and awareness (Haney). In the 1960’s Griffith’s research interest in sports psychology reemerged after having faded away for a while; however, the field had a...
Creative new training methods, developed by coaches, athletes and sport scientists, are aimed to help improve the quality and quantity of athletic training ( Kellmann, 2010, p.1). However, these methods have encountered a consistent set of barriers including overtraining ( Kellmann, 2010, p.1). Due to these barriers, the need for physical and mental recovery in athletics brought an increasing attention in practice and in research ( Kellmann, 2010, p.1).
Visualisation is the most common and effective technique used within mental imagery in sport (Harmison, 2011). To do this you envision yourself executing physical sequences of the sport (Harmison, 2011). It has been shown that visualization helps the athlete to perform at a higher level, through increasing traits of the ‘ideal mentality’. In the process of visualization your must imagine correctly and successfully all aspect of the motion, going through frame-by-frame and using all senses. Studies looking into visualization have shown that mental practice can increase real strength and performance creating an almost virtual iron aspect. This study by ( ) has also proven that visualization activates the same neural circuits that actual seeing does, visual imagery activates the brains visual cortex therefore through the imagining of movement it actives the motor ...
Suinn, R. M., & Clayton, R. D. (1980).Psychology in sports: methods and applications. Minneapolis, Minn.: Burgess Pub. Co..
What is mental imagery? In The Effects of Mental Imagery on Athletic Performance, Anne Plessinger describes mental imagery as the imagining of the execution of an action without actually performing the action. Plessinger also explains that mental imagery not only includes visual senses, but also auditory, olfactory and kinesthetic senses (4). Studies have demonstrated that mental imagery prior to athletic performance leads to better results than the execution of the action alone. Plessinger describes an experiment that consisted of a control group and an imagery group who were told to complete specific golf skills. It was concluded that the imagery group performed better because they had higher goals and expectations of themselves (4). Perhaps the mental preparation helped the imagery group’s brains acquire the right skills needed. Also, other studies have shown specific physiological differences (breathing, heart rate...etc.) with the addition of mental imagery before performance (1).
We believe it is clear that both qualitative and quantitative research have many benefits and many costs. In some situations the qualitative approach will be more appropriate; in other situations the quantitative approach will be more appropriate.
Research philosophy, refers to the development of knowledge adopted by the researchers in their research (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009). In other words, it is the theory that used to direct the researcher for conducting the procedure of research design, research strategy, questionnaire design and sampling (Malhotra, 2009). It is very important to have a clear understanding of the research philosophy so that we could examine the assumptions about the way we view the world, which are contained in the research philosophy we choose, knowing that whether they are appropriate or not (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009). According to Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2009), three major ways of thinking about research philosophy are examined: ontology, epistemology and axiology. Each of them carries significant differences which will have an impact on the way we consider the research procedures. Ontology, “is concerned with nature of reality”, while epistemology “concerns what constitutes acceptable knowledge in a field of study and axiology “studies judgements about value” (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009, p110, p112, p116). This study is intent on creating some “facts” from objective evaluations which are made by the subjects. Therefore, epistemology will be chosen for this study as the way of thinking about the research philosophy.
Quantitative research involves the collection and converting of data into numerical form to enable statistical calculations be made and conclusions drawn. It provides a measure of how people think, feel or behave and uses the statistical analysis to determine the results. However, this measurement results in numbers, or data, being collected, which is then analyzed by using quantitative research methods (Byrne, 2007).
Sport and exercise psychology is a mandatory aspect of the sport science discipline. This discipline contributes to the various professional practices associated with physical activities such as - teaching of physical education, recreation and health promotion, and kinesiology related professions - because it plays a mental role for the participants. Sport and exercise psychologists view physical activity in several different ways: physical activity as a tool for health, physical activity as a tool for human potential, and physical activity as a tool for social change. This aspect of psychology may be the most important aspect of physical activity, because of the contributions of exercise and sport psychology to health, human potential, and social change.
The Importance and Appropriateness of Utilizing Different Methodologies for Research. Introduction The process of research entails the logical as well as systematic search for useful data and information with regard to a specific topic (Jha, 2008). It is also comprised of the investigation of the best, most cost effective and appropriate solutions to both social and scientific issues, following an objective and logical analysis. Jha, (2008) defines research as the search for knowledge and the discovery of the truth. During this process, the data can be gathered from a wide pool of sources among them interviews, books, nature among others.The data can then be analyzed with the appropriate data analysis tools, so as to report the findings