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cleopatras reign
history alive chapter 9 ancient egypt
critical analysis of cleopatra a life
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It has been over 2000 years since Cleopatra drew her last breath, ending the rule of the pharaohs in Egypt for good. In the years following her death, there have been many theories as to how she might have died. The most widely accepted theory is that she committed suicide by allowing herself to be bitten by a venomous snake and it is the theory that has been written in most history books as historical fact. Yet, there is increasing evidentiary support that would suggest that her alleged suicide was in fact a homicide. Though, it is hard to find incriminating evidence for something that happened so long ago, the minds behind this theory believe that by using investigative practices of the modern age they are able to piece together the truth of her death. By looking into Cleopatra’s past one can discover that she was not a woman who would just give up, that she would never be capable of her historical suicide.
From the early years of her life, Cleopatra learned that to gain the thrown in the dynasty of the Ptolemies it took a lot more then sheer knowledge. She did however have a very good education in which she knew how to speak seven different languages and was the only Ptolemy to have know how to speak Egyptian and Greek ("The Unsolved Death of Cleopatra"). It is clear that even from such a young age Cleopatra was driven to succeed. It appears that it wasn't enough for her to just be educated, but to surpass her siblings and quite possibly her own parents. This was soon proven to be so once she inherited the throne and problems began to ensue. With the title of pharaoh came the marriage to her younger brother, though neither one was willing to share that power together. Soon after taking the throne her brother was found murdere...
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...forever be up to interpretation. Even Plutarch himself stated in his writings that “in the truth of the matter, no one knows” ("The Unsolved Death of Cleopatra") . Hopefully though, with the known information on her past one could see that this great ruler can not simply be seen as someone so weak willed as to cave to Octavian’s threats. Even with her last breath one could imagine her fighting back against her attackers, still ever so unyielding to the control of others.
Works Cited
"Cleopatra and Egypt - The Coins of Julius Caesar - Australian Centre for Ancient Numismatic Studies." Division of Humanities - Macquarie University. Director, ACANS, n.d. Web. July 2008.
"Cleopatra's death." Sir Thomas Browne. n.p., n.d. Web. 5 Mar. 2014.
"The Unsolved Death of Cleopatra." Unearthing Ancient Secrets. Prod. Wyatt Channell. Science. SCI. 9 Mar. 2009. Television.
Changing social habits of a contemporary society have seen Cleopatra depicted in many different ways. Whilst few artefacts remain of the true image of Cleopatra, we see from her portrait on the coins (Fear, 2008, p, 21 Fig 1.4) that despite being no legendary beauty, she had the power to captivate two of the greatest Romans of her time. Cleopatra consummated her union with Julius Caesar, which strengthened her grip on the throne, following his assassination; she formed alliance with Mark Antony, in opposition to Octavian, a coalition that would lead to her downfall as both Antony and Cleopatra’s combined forces would be defeated against Octavian in the battle of Actium in 31 BCE. (Fear, 2008, p.7)
In this research paper I will be writing about Cleopatra VII. Her early life, family and her relationships’. Cleopatra VII was born around 69 BC and was the daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes and Cleopatra V of Egypt. Her parents got married in the year 79 BC. Her father Ptolemy XII Auletes was the king of Egypt during 80-58 B.C. and 55-51 B.C. He was born in 117 BC and was also known as the “Piper” because he played the flute. He died in 51 BC, Alexandria, Egypt from being exiled. Her mother Cleopatra V was the queen of Egypt, born in 95 BC. She vanished around the time of Cleopatra’s birth in 69 BC then died in 57 BC. Some people believe she was either murdered or that she may have died while giving birth. (“Cleopatras Family”)
Her family had ruled Egypt for over 100 years. The reign began when Alexander the Great’ general, Ptolemy, became the ruler of Egypt. The next 3 centuries his relatives would follow in his footsteps to rule over Egypt. Cleopatra’s father was King Ptolemy XII. After his death in 51 B.C. he left the throne to his daughter Cleopatra just 18 years old and her brother Ptolemy XIII just 10 years old at the time. During the time of their ruling it was believed that the
There is a lot of mystery surrounding ancient Egypt, as there’s an allure to the period that makes many feel like exploring. Now, you can not just explore that ancient time, but also meet and help Cleopatra; one of the most beautiful queens of all. Cleopatra welcomes you to her temple filled with treasures and offers you the choice of which chamber to enter. The last sentence actually goes a long way in telling the story of what this game is all about, as it delivers choice around every turn.
In 1876 Edmonia Lewis sent her sculpture “The Death of Cleopatra” from Rome to an exposition in Philadelphia where it became a sensation. The sculpture is made out of white marble and it depicts Cleopatra dying on her throne due to the bite of a poisonous asp. The sculpture weighted about 2 tons it was also exhibited in Chicago about two years later and it was also a big sensation, but was not sold. Since the marble piece was very heavy it was difficult to transport and Lewis did not have the money to ship it back to Italy and so she decided to keep it in storage. This art piece went through a lot from being on top of a horse’s grave whose name was Cleopatra to being hauled into a salvage yard. The statue was later found by a man named Harold
Richardson, M. (1995). Edmonia Lewis’ The Death of Cleopatra Myth and Identity. African American Art. 12(2), 36-52
Amy Crawford the author of the article, “Who is Cleopatra?” supports this opinion with several examples from primary and secondary sources to shed light on the type of political leader she was and the motivations behind her actions. She explains that Cleopatra was a well-educated, clever, diplomat, who had deep devotion to her patriotism. Cleopatra made the effort to learn Egyptian, unlike her predecessors, among several other languages. She succeeded in ruthless power struggles with her siblings and created military alliances to maintain Egypt’s independence. Cleopatra sustained a vast,
Toward the end of Cleopatra’s reign and the end of Egypt, the Egyptians had an insurmountable amount of wealth. Cleopatra herself wasted a fortune on the famous
Cleopatra is most often remembered as the lover of two Roman consuls, Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, thereby forever connecting the Egyptian queen to the history of Rome. The stories of her relationships with the two men do not always paint a flattering picture of Cleopatra, as her reported promiscuity and presumption give her a colorful reputation. Cleopatra is also sometimes seen as a misunderstood woman, someone who was never given a fair opportunity to be accepted as the wife of Marc Antony nor the mother of Caesar's child. Some historians and authors use the issue of Cleopatra's race as a reason that she was ostracized from Roman society, saying that the Romans were prejudiced against Egyptians, and despite Cleopatra's Greek background, would never accept her as a suitable mate for a Roman consul. This theory, however, is far outweighed by the numerous justifications the Roman people had for their distaste of Cleoaptra. It is not surprising that Cleopatra never found acceptance in Rome, as she offered nothing to the relationship between Egypt and Rome, she stood for everything they were against, and little by little, she succeeded in destroying parts of the society that the Roman people had worked to build.
Cleopatra was immediately established from the second she burst out of the womb as a member of the royal family of the Ptolemy's; the family which had controlled the Egyptian throne since the rule of Ptolemy I which began in 323 BC. She was born the daughter of Ptolemy XII, King of Egypt, in 69 BC, her full name being Cleopatra VII, or "Thea Philopator" in Greek: a name, which literally translates to "a goddess loving her father." She did most definitely loved her father, so dearly, in fact, that he granted the throne to Cleopatra upon his death in 51 BC. From the moment she set foot on the throne, co-ruling Egypt with her brother and obligatory husband Ptolemy XIII, she was intent upon coercing her, and only her, influence upon all of Egypt. More specifically, she wished to possess a less influential bridegroom so that she could impose more of her ideas and policies upon Egypt. It is for this reason that Cleopatra initiated one of the most notorious and controversial relationships of all time with one of the most prominent figures in history; Julius Caesar. Caesar fell in love with Cleopatra from the moment he saw her. Even though she was not known to be exceptionally beautiful, it is derived from many accounts that she was the definition of a wicked temptress, the defining characteristic that obviously won Caesar's heart. Naturally, Caesar aided Cleopatra after Ptolemy XIII's advisors had driven her from the throne, and declared war upon Ptolemy XIII. Caesar and Cleopatra were victorious and Cleopatra returned safely to the throne. Shortly after the coup, Cleopatra was noticeably pregnant. The product of this pregnancy was a son, named Caesarion, who is widely believed to belong to Caesar.
Flamarion, Edith. Cleopatra: the life and death of a pharaoh. New York: Abrams Books, 1997. Print.
Wilkinson, Toby A. H.. The rise and fall of ancient Egypt. New York: Random House, 2010. Print.
With every new discovery in archeology there are many stories that take on a life of their own as they try to make sense of the new information. There are many fiction writers who take some of these findings and stretch them out into their telling of compelling stories. Agatha Christie take many different aspects of Ancient Egypt such as concubines, social class and burial practices into account when she writes her piece of historical fiction, Death Comes as the End.
Around 69 B.C, one of the most famous female rulers ever known was born, she was Cleopatra. She was the descendent of the Egyptian ruler, Ptolemy XII, and she would eventually became the queen of ancient Egypt herself. She was known for being extremely intelligent and very charming, and because of this many romans feared her and viewed her as a threat. When her father died the throne of Egypt was left to her and her brother, Ptolemy XIII, and rivalry formed between the two, making her even more determined to become the sole ruler of Egypt. Cleopatra had trained all her life to be the successor of Egypt and she hungered for power. Like her father, she tried to have peace with Rome and maybe even have power over them. She would gain her power by having Caesar one and only son, Caesarion, the loyalty of Marc Antony, a well-known general who was popular among the troops in Rome, and of course by using her intelligence and Egypt’s resources. Cleopatra was a successful ruler because she had a thirst for power.
The snake has acted as a diverse symbol throughout history, representing immortality, evil, femininity, and masculinity. In the book Dream Animals, Marilyn Nissenson and Susan Jonas further reveal the awe that the snake has inspired throughout the centuries, "They [snakes] were believed to mediate between life and death, earth and sky, this world and the next" (19). The snake slithers through our subconscious, evoking varying associations. Cleopatra identified with the snake during her life, and it becomes even more highly symbolic in her death. By examining three movies (DeMille's Cleopatra, Mankiewicz's Cleopatra and the ABC version of Cleopatra) and two dramas (Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra and Mary Sidney's Tragedy of Antonie) different symbolic representations of the snake emerge along with contrasting depictions of the Queen of the Nile. These varying representations of the asp and slightly contrary portrayals of Cleopatra prove to us that we know very little about the enigmatic ancient Queen.