Overview
The purpose of this research report is to review the practice of corporal punishment in the home and the lasting harmful effects on the children involved. The research is based on the opinions and finding of professionals in mental health and child development and offers little to no support for the use of physical punishment. This research outlines several areas of a child’s life that are acutely affected by the violent form of punishment called “spanking”. Within our community I have seen first hand that children who are subjected to such punishment suffer emotional as well as physical harm. Loss of trust, confusion, damaged relationships; aggression, humiliation, depression as well as death occur in children disciplined with corporal punishment. This paper reports the findings of many national studies in an attempt to educate those who continue to advocate violence in the home.
A Lifetime of Damage
Research about corporal punishment and the effects on children has become increasingly important. In particular, child psychologists have studied how to recognise behaviours that may suggest violence in the home, allowing vital intervention. This research led psychologists to realise that the behaviours they were observing in young children were almost always carried with the child throughout life and affected future behaviour; causing delinquency with the law, drug and alcohol abuse and perpetrating abuse on others. This study began with a sense of urgency to find information and educate those who felt that spanking was an acceptable and effective form of punishment. Secondly this research was done in order to better understand the emotional health of children. Research pertaining to the detrimental effects of corporal punishment on a child’s emotional and physical well being has shown that whether corporal punishment is used every day, once a week or once a month, there are lasting harmful effects to the children involved.
Some of the physical and emotional effects of parents using corporal punishment on their child can be seen immediately. Along with physical damage such as redness, swelling and bruises, there is also significant emotional damage. Loss of trust and confusion are immediate and very detrimental to a young child. There are also many consequences that remain hidden for years, which may cause these children to suffer fr...
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...here is no excuse that magically makes hurting a child kind or merciful” (1994, p.1). Children suffer damages that have been measured in many studies, by many doctors. But, these children who are being spanked also suffer from wounds that no one can begin to measure. The lost trust that a child suffers while begin spanked causes a lifetime of damage to his or her spirit, as well as to the relationship between the parent and the child. The psychological impact that has been attributed to a majority of spanked children, not only harms the future of that child, but those who surround him.
References
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When employees were asked, what factors could be changed at USAA to help maintain employee motivation levels, a couple of them answered with, “higher wages” and “more money”. This response corroborates other studies regarding pay which state surveys will more likely under emphasize the importance of pay relative to other motivational factors. (Rynes, Gerhart & Minette, 2004). “Financial incentives had by far the largest effect on productivity of all interventions. For example, pay was four times more effective than interventions designed to make work more interesting.” (Rynes, 2004). One reason for this phenomenon is social desirable responding. It should be noted, that although pay may be under reported, the results indicate other factors are also important for employee
Holden (2002) reviewed Gershoff’s (2002) meta-analyses of eighty-eight (88) studies and noted that there were both positive and negative outcomes associated with the punishment of spanking. According to Gershoff’s (2002) analysis, the one positive outcome was immediate compliance by the child (Holden, 2002). This result was found to be consistent in five (5) studies. Immediate compliance was defined as the child complying to the parents directive within five (5) seconds. In stark contrast, there were four (4) negative outcomes. The analysis showed a negative effect on the quality of the parent child relationship, the child’s mental health, the child’s perception of being a victim of physical child abuse, and also impacted aggression in adulthood (Holden, 2002).
Revard, Stella. "Eve and the Doctrine of Responsibility in Paradise Lost." 88.1 69-78. Web. 2 Jan. 2014.
Fox, Robert C. "The Allegory of Sin and Death in Paradise Lost." Modern Language Quarterly 24 (1963): 354-64.
When describing a physical altercation between two adults, the term is assault and battery. Assault on an individual has more than immediate effects; the effects can last a lifetime in severe cases. In all fifty states, it is a crime to hit, strike or use corporal punishment in any deliberate manner towards any person over the age of eighteen. However, this law does not apply to physical force being used on minors. Spanking, whipping, and paddling are among a few common references to this form of punishment. Physically disciplining children has had many names over the years. No matter which term is used, corporal punishment has a negative impact on every party involved. It is a widely used, socially accepted method of discipline. “Approximately 94% of three and four-year old children have been spanked in the past year (Slade & Winssow 1321). Although spanking is a widespread practice, it is becoming more controversial. The negative effects of spanking greatly outweigh the benefits. Spanking is a socially tolerated view promoting abusive patterns, and has a negative psychological impact in teaching children that pain, fear, and confusion promote conformability.
O'Brien (2013) defines RCT as a research technique that has been through the ages. It first was applied in medical studies. Today, it is a quantitative method widely used in clinical trials where participants answer or confirm a research question. Clinical trials that are designed with RCT in a medical context focus on prioritizing the protecting of human participants with the aid of ethical criteria; however, at the discretion of the researcher (O'Brien, 2013).
In the column “Spare the Rod, Spoil the Parenting”, Leonard Pitts Jr. asserts that most of kids are spoiled. Pitts restates in his column that some form of corporal punishment, such as open-handed swats on the backside, arm or legs, does not leave a child scarred for life. This was found in a study done by Dr. Diana Baumrind, a psychologist from he university of California. Pitts finds it offensive when a child that has been spanked is compared with a child that has been scalded or punched. Arguing with a five year old does wonders for the self-esteem of the child but it kills the self-esteem of the adult and could cause insanity, declares Pitts. Children now a day have too much sense of entitlement and keeps one wondering w...
Corporal punishment is a popular disciplinary technique in many American families. A study conducted by Dr. Elizabeth Thompson Gershoff revealed strong associations between corporal punishment and eleven child behaviors and experiences. This meta-analysis incorporated 62 years of collected data from 88 studies. It looked at positive and negative behaviors in children that were associated with corporal punishment. The behaviors and experiences noted were “…several in childhood (immediate compliance, moral internalization, quality of relationship with parent, and physical abuse from that parent), three in both childhood and adulthood (mental health, aggression, and criminal or antisocial behavior) and one in adulthood alone (abuse of own children
Management spends a huge amount of time to design incentive systems and schemes to motivate their workers and to ensure they work in their best possible manner. Motivating workers by giving them decent pay helps in winning employees heart to make the work done efficiently, significantly and effectively. The most effective way to motivate people to work productively is through individual incentive compensation (Pfeffer, 1998). An attraction of getting more is a powerful incentive to people for high performance. While most people agree that money plays a major role in motivating people, in organizations there is a widespread belief that money may also have some undesirable effects on morale.
Researchers work hard to eliminate bias from outcomes through approaches that diminish subjectivity and modification from unknown sources. Randomization, use of well-matched controls, and blinding of analysts and researchers are some ways to try to a...
Studies show that corporal punishment in schools have lasting negative effects on adolescents. Additionally, it interferes with the child’s academic progress, along with their goals in school. Children who are victim to corporal punishment usually have an increase of child aggression and antisocial behavior. It is still very much an issue, as twenty-one states have yet to prohibit corporal punishment. More than a million cases are still being reported and approximately 15,000 cases have requested medical attention. Corporal punishment is more frequently reported in the Southern states (Duper, DIngus).
Through the characters of Adam and Eve, Milton has illustrated what a perfect relationship is supposed to be like. From the beginning, the couple is represented as very happy, as they were, “so hand in hand they passed, the loveliest pair/ That ever since in love’s embraces met…(4.321-322). Reader’s come to the conclusion that Adam and Eve represent the perfect idyllic relationship. As the epic poem continues, Adam and Eve’s relationship begins to change as a result of the two’s questionable behavior along with the appearance of Satan in Paradise. Eve is created for Adam, "The likeness, thy fit help, thy other self, / Thy wish exactly to thy heart 's desire" (8.450-451). A Milton purpose chooses specific words such as likeness and fit to show that a hierarchy exists between Adam and Eve. The hierarchical system puts a strain on their relationship as Eve wishes to be just as equal as Adam. Her desire to be see as the same rank as Adam, leads to her temptation ultimately causing the
Adam and Eve’s initial creations are described as “Hee for God only, shee for the God in him[Adam]” (4.289). They is an initial inequality in their creation since Adam when created was done soley for God, while Eve was created for Adam and in part for God as well since she is not “only” for Adam. Eve was created after Adam, but this does not mean that she is inferior to Adam, it merely means that during their initial creation, their purposes were different. When created Eve knew nothing the world for which she was created as is seen with her confusion with what the water was since it “to her [Eve] seemed another Skie”(4.459). Eve was vulnerable and innocent when entering her relationship with Adam and as time passes, she was able to grow and better understand her role in their bond, when Eve is able to make decisions on her own as is seen in book 9 of paradise lost with her decision to separate from Adam. Their relationship grows and eventually they are able to function as
Gershoff 2002 study on corporal punishment by parents found parental corporal punishment on children was associated with a decrease in a child’s moral internalization, quality of relationships with parents, and a decrease in mental health in both child and adulthood. She also found it was associated with an increase in a child’s delinquency, antisocial behavior, and aggression ...
Langford, Larry L. “Adam and the subversion of paradise.” Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, 34: 1 (1994): 119-135.