The paper proposes a greedy-algorithm heuristic routing (GAHR) protocol and an A* algorithm for route finding thereby evaluating them with conventional routing protocols to overcome their disadvantages and to make them more suitable for Home Automation.
There are certain unique characteristics which Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) possess and they are described in the paper as follows:
1. Easy deployment and reduced installation cost
2. Good scalability
3. Easy integration with mobile user devices
Before designing a routing protocol for WSNHA there are some requirements the protocols should satisfy and some of which are discussed in the paper: Improved energy efficiency, low storage and algorithmic simplicity, high dependency on sensor-node distribution, self-adaptation to network changes, reduced scalability and coping up with mobility.
Types of routing overlooked in this paper are:
1. Flat-based routing
2. Cluster-based routing
3. Location-based routing
A comparative display of these routing types with their advantages and disadvantages is tabulated below:
Routing Ad...
10. The router line indicates to the client what its default gateway should be. The subnet mask line tells the client which subnet mask it should use.
These rules are also known as bus protocols. The design of a bus system contains several pro’s and con’s related to the size of the data bus, data transfer size, bus protocols, and clocking. Bus systems are categorized as asynchronous and synchronous buses depending on whether the bus communications are controlled by a clock. There are parallel and serial buses depending on whether the data bits are sent on parallel wires or multiplexed onto one single wire.
Routing scheme means to find a path from once place to another on which packets can travel. In most of the cases, we need multiple routers in order to route the packet to the destination. Routing contains three elements:
Wireless networks – While the term wireless network may technically be used to refer to any type of network that is wireless, the term is most commonly used to refer to a telecommunications network whose interconnection between nodes is implemented without the use of wires, such as a computer network. Wireless telecommunication networks are generally implemented with some type of remote information transmission system that uses electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, for the carrier and this implementation usually takes place at the physical level or “layer” network.
Point-to-Point routing system, unlike low-cost competitors that utilize hub-and-spoke system, partnering with larger airlines to provide connecting flights.
The most popular smart homes are Amazon’s Amazon Echo and Google’ Google Home. Both are able to complete many different tasks including: turning in lights, setting alarms, creating or adding to lists, and answering random questions. Some people will refuse to own one of these smart home devices because they feel like the device is always listening to them even if the creators say the device will only listen if the trigger words are said. Smart homes are becoming more and more popular leading to home automation becoming more and more common. Now that almost any aspect of your house that uses electricity can be controlled from the smart home, people have become dependant on the smart home to perform tasks. For example turning on lights, adjusting the thermostat, turning on coffee pots, and even unlocking doors. If the smart home and the smart lights on a ceiling fan become disconnected, the the owner is left to sit in the dark until they reconnect. Having a smart home control your house can cause major problems if there is a
Johnson, D., Maltz, D. (1996). Dynamic Source Routing in Ad-hoc Wireless network. Print ISBN: 0 79239697 0
Large amounts of data streams are generated in resource-constrained environments. Sensor networks represent a typical example. These devices have short life batteries. The design of techniques that are energy efficient is a crucial issue given that sending all the generated stream to a central site is energy inefficient in addition to its lack of scalability problem.
6) Michele Zorzi, “Wireless Sensor and networks: Recent trends and Research Issues’’, University of Padova, Italy, IEEE communication society, Poland, April 28-30, 2008.
An Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol is the most used interior gateway protocol and computation intensive protocol where energy consumption in Internet Protocol (IP) networks is the main concern. The energy in an IP network can be saved by allowing a subset of IP router interfaces on sleep mode setting during the low traffic hours through the model of “move” by dint of an Energy Aware Routing (EAR) strategy, which is completely compatible with OSPF and is based on the “Shortest Path Tree (SPT) exportation” techinque or “Dijkstra's Algorithm”. In case of heavy traffic hours, the EAR strategy is not usable and may cause denial of service. The strategy implemented can help a network operator to control the network performance and allow a smoothed QoS degradation. This performance evaluation study permits to save about 30% of network links with a insignificant rise of link loads and network path lengths.
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) have the potential to improve the flexibility, productivity, and the quality of work life of an enterprise (Sage Research Staff, 2001). Berean Institute is a typical two year college with about a staff of sixty eight employees and 250 students per semester. Berean teaches cosmetology, barbering and the latest software and hardware technology, which is located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Berean currently has two locations in the Philadelphia area and using a Local Area Network (LAN).
It just doesn't get much simpler than the physical bus topology when it comes to connecting nodes on a Local Area Network (LAN). The most common implementation of a linear bus topology is IEEE 802.3 Ethernet. All devices in a bus topology are connected to a single cable called the bus, backbone, or ether. The transmission medium has a physical beginning and an end. All connections must be terminated with a resistor to keep data transmissions from being mistaken as network traffic. The terminating resistor must match the impedance of the cable.
IOT systems use a combination of short-range network communication technologies such as Bluetooth and ZigBee, which are used to carry the information from perception devices to a nearby gateway based on the capabilities of the communicating parties. Internet technologies such as WiFi, 2G, 3G, and 4G carry the information over long distances based on the application. Applications aim to create smart homes, smart cities, power system monitoring etc. [6] Today, it is hard to manage waste collection processes and management without the use of high technology to pinpoint the locations of vehicles and recycling bins [2].
De Poorter, E., Troubleyn, E., Moerman, I., & Demeester, P. (2011). IDRA: A flexible system architecture for next generation wireless sensor networks. Wireless Networks, 17(6), 1423-1440. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-011-0356-5
There are several advantages to the layered approach provided by the OSI model. With the design separated into smaller logical pieces, network design problems can be easier to solve through divide and conquer techniques. Vendors who follow the model will produce equipment that is much more likely to be compatible with equipment from other vendors. The OSI model also provides for more extensible network designs. New protocols and other network services are more easier added to a layered architect.