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A Freudian Reading of Hamlet and Titus Andronicus
In 1900 the eminent Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud produced a seminal work entitled The Interpretation of Dreams which contains the idea that dreams allow psychic exploration of the soul, that dreams contain psychological meanings which can be arrived at by interpretation. Freud states that “every dream will reveal itself as a psychological structure, full of significance, and one which may be assigned to a specific place in the psychic activities of the waking state.” According to Freud’s original formulations dreams have two contents, a manifest content which is the dream that one actually experiences and a latent content which is the meaning of the dream as discovered by interpretation.
Literature can be thought of in the same manner, as a figment of the imagination whose underlying truth can be discovered through interpretation. A piece of literature may have a truth to tell but it can may remain hidden to us until such time as we interpret its signs. According to Freud there are three routes into the unconscious; dreams, parapraxes (or slips of the tongue) and jokes, and it is evident that psychoanalysis asks us to pay a lot of attention to language, in puns, slips of the tongue etc. This suggests how psychoanalysis is directly related to literary criticism, since both kinds of analysis focus on close readings of language. Therefore, by understanding Freudian theory, we can gain a deeper understanding of literature.
This essay attempts to discover how Freud’s psychoanalytical accounts of human nature can bring us to a deeper understanding of the family relationships at work in Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Titus Andronicus.
According to Freud’s The Interpr...
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...s, in Bevington, David Twentieth Century Interpretations of Hamlet. (New Jersey:Prentice Hall, 1968)
Kovesi, Dr S. Lecture handout ‘Titus Andronicus and Psychoanalysis’ (2001)
Shakespeare, W. Hamlet and Titus Andronicus in The Oxford Shakespeare ed. Olver, H.J (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982)
Information regarding Freud’s theory and works taken from website addresses
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Crete/4158 (General information)
http://www.freudpage.com/en-us/freud/psychotheory1.html (Classic Psychoanalytic Theory)
http://www.mii.kurume-u.ac.jp/~leuers/Freud.htmn (Psychoanalytic Theory)
http://www.geocities.com/~mhrowell/ (Psychoanalytic Theory)
http://fox.klte.hu/~keresofi/psychotherapy/index.shtml (Dictionary of Psychoanalytical Terms)
http://www.vuw.ac.nz/psyc/vornikFreud/FRONT.HTM (General information and Psychoanalytic Theory)
Lehmann, Courtney and Lisa S. Starks. "Making Mother Matter: Repression, Revision, and the Stakes of 'Reading Psychoanalysis Into' Kenneth Branagh's Hamlet." Early Modern Literary Studies 6.1 (May, 2000): 2.1-24 .
Shakespeare, William. "Hamlet." Madden, Frank. Exploring Literature. 4th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2009. Print 539-663
Schizophrenia has been defined as a mental disorder characterized by a breakdown in mental thinking and a poor emotional response. This disorganization hasn’t till now acquired a clear understanding of the mechanisms that lie behind (Harrison 1999) but researchers suggest an increase in the dopaminergic transmission in the prefrontal cortex coupled to an inhibition of the glutamatergic pathways, majorly at the level of NMDA receptors (Wen-Jun Gao). For more than 50 years, the dopamine hypothesis had been considered the mother of the theories of schizophrenia. Van Rossum first proposed it in 1966 suggesting that a hyperactivity occurring at the level of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway is the mediator of positive symptoms of schizophrenia (Seeman 1987). More research has flaunted a hypoactivity in the mesocortical dopamine pathway, which has been hypothesized to mediate the negative, cognitive, and affective symptoms of schizophrenia (Knable & Weinberg 1997; Tzschentke 2001). However, in the past two decades, hypotheses of schizophrenia focused less on the already established facts of the hyperactivity of mesolimbic dopamine neurons and under-activity of the mesocortical dopamine neurons. A major hypothesis of schizophrenia digging, to a certain extent, far from dopamine proposes that a combination of genetic factors converge on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, leading to neurodevelopmental abnormalities in glutamate synapse formation and ultimately resulting in the observed hypofunction at the level of NMDA receptors. Knowing that NMDA receptors regulate dopaminergic neurons, the decreased activity of NMDA receptors may be involved in the abnormal dopamine activity associated ...
According to the recent research from Biochemical theories states that schizophrenia is caused by neurotransmitter dopamine in the prefrontal cortex which is a chemical that transmits signals in the brain. On the other hand the researchers states that psychological factors is cognitive function such as learning, m...
From long time, dopaminergic hypothesis of schizophrenia has got importance because of increased dopaminergic activity in subcortical brain areas associated with the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. In contrast to increased dopaminergic activity in the subcortical area, evidence indicates that dopaminergic activity is decreased in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenic patients (Perlstein et al., 2001). Reduction in dopaminergic D1 receptors and density of dopaminergic fiber...
Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. 2nd ed. Vol. C. Ed. Sarah Lawall. New York: Norton, 2005. Print.
Shakespeare, William. The Three-Text Hamlet. Eds. Paul Bertram and Bernice Kliman. New York: AMS Press, 1991.
Incentive reward engagement offers a win-win situation for the employees and the company. Kelleher believes that incentive is a form of recognition and builds engagement through company’s and employee’s obligations towards a common goal (2014). The company has a “Growth Incentive Scheme” for the production workers. Special monetary incentives are provided should the workers achieve the monthly output target. Through the rewards, employees feel motivated towards their work and thus, contribute towards the company’s
Many believe, “dreams are a series of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that occur in the mind during certain stages of sleep” (Braden, 1). According to Freud, he claims that dreams are a series of events and images that are perceived through the mind during sleep (McLeish, 2). He said, “If you want to learn about an individual you could do so by interpreting their dreams” (McLeish, 5). For instance, Freud thinks a person expresses themselves through their dreams. Unlike Freud, “Jung’s depiction of dreams concentrated on symbolic imagery” (Jacobson, 3). He believed differently. He believes an individual’s dream do not distinguish the true meaning of the individual (Jacobson, 3). In other words, Jung thinks a person can dream about anything, and it will mean nothing (Jacobson, 3). Instead, he believes dreams have many different meanings and that they do not interpret ideas (McLeish, 3). He sees dreams like a series of events. Freud disagrees because he believes it is the individual’s character and self-creating the imaginations (Jacobson, 3). In other words, Freud develops a theory that dreams come from the individual’s thoughts and personality, and Jung develops a theory that dreams are just symbolic imagery and have no true
this leads me to my next question: how does one know if the words mean
Reward system policy often view from the organization’s perspective where the economic needs of the firms take precedence over the individual. Under this outline, costly reward system and limited reward system will be wasted or misapplied because they are not valued by employees. Organization will see that what is important is not whether a reward system program look great on the paper or considered a state of the art reward program, but is going to be measure by or not the employees wanted the reward and they are willing to work toward a desired result to receive it. Reward system with in organization begin with the understanding of the individual needs, values, and expectations. Within Organization that doing business
U.S Department of Health and Human Services. (2009). National Institutes of Health. Schizophrenia. Retrieved November 28, 2013 from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/schizophrenia/index.shtml#pub10
...World of Hamlet.” Yale Review. vol. 41 (1952) p. 502-23. Rpt. in Shakespeare: Modern Essays in Criticism. Rev. ed. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. New York: Oxford University P., 1967.
There are many facts that are unknown about the mind. For centuries, philosophers and scientists have tried to understand how it works. We have learned that the mind has a number of different levels of processing. Before Sigmund Freud “nearly all the previous research and theorizing of psychologists had dealt with conscious, such as perception, memory, judgment, and learning“ (Hunt185). Freud brought forth a number of theories that dealt with “the unconscious and its crucial role in human behavior”(Hunt 185). The unconscious is a storage area for information that is not being used. It is also the home of “powerful primitive drives and forbidden wishes that constantly generated pressure on the conscious mind”(Hunt 185). As this area of the mind can only be understood through speculation, I will look to dream interpretation and psychoanalysis as keys to unlocking this area of psychology
Reward systems in the work place are not a new idea in the workplace, but they are the key to having happy employees and happy employees mean better output. Reward systems are systems used by companies where employees who achieve particular results are paid more or get other advantages. Some employers offer pay as incentives, while others offer benefits, some use a combination of both types. Employees within a company want recognition for the time and effort that they have put into a task required of their job. The use of reward systems not only enhances the company but it gives the employee a feeling of personal connection and investment into the company. Building a reward system can be a great asset to the company, by allowing the employees to feel that they are a part of the company. Reward systems are an important tool and key concept to managing an organization effectively.