A Dream of Equality
“The poet’s life is the focusing glass through which passes the determinants of the shape of his work: the tradition available to him, his understanding of “Kinds”, the impact of special experiences (travel, love, etc.).” (Fielder 1431). Biographical criticism is the practice of analyzing a literary work by using knowledge of the author’s life to gain insight. (1492). One could see the biographical criticism present in most of Hughes’ poems. Most of his poems were about his life experiences, including his unfair treatment from white people. Hughes and many other African-Americans were denied basic rights such as eating in certain restaurants, using certain bathrooms and attending good schools. It is easy to see the connection between his experiences and the impact it had on his works. The connection is evident in the time period in which he created most of his work. Being a young black male during the 1920’s, Hughes was constantly discriminated against by the color of his skin. This did not make life a piece of cake for Hughes and other African Americans during this time. Because of that harsh reality, the themes of his work exemplify the African American’s fight for racial equality by writing about his culture being denied basic rights. Two good examples of this are shown in his poems “I, Too” and “Island”. In these two poems Hughes writes about being discriminated against because of the color of his skin while showing confidence that one day things would be different and they would be considered equal in society.
Around the time of the twenties, there was a big boom of African American culture. Out of this came the renaissance of Harlem, a hot spot for African American poets, musicians, and ...
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...to have the freedom and rights that white people were born in to. Hughes showed his confidence in a better day for his race by stating that he still saw the island. He knew one things would be different for his race generations to come.
Works Cited
Hughes, Langston. “I, Too”. Literature an Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. X.
J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. Longman. 2002. (761-762).
Hughes, Langston. “Island”. Literature an Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. X.
J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. Longman. 2002. (763).
Fielder, Leslie. The Relationship of Poet and Poem. Literature an Introduction to Fiction,
Poetry, and Drama. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. Longman. 2002. (1431).
Pickney, Darryl. Black Identity in Langston Hughes. Literature an Introduction to
Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. Longman. 2002. (773).
The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual and literary period of growth promoting a new African American cultural identity in the United States. The decade between 1920 and 1930 was an extremely influential span of time for the Black culture. During these years Blacks were able to come together and form a united group that expressed a desire for enlightenment. This renaissance allowed Blacks to have a uniform voice in a society based upon intellectual growth. The front-runners of this revival were extremely focused on cultural growth through means of intellect, literature, art and music. By using these means of growth, they hoped to destroy the pervading racism and stereotypes suffocating the African American society and yearned for racial and social integration. Many Black writers spoke out during this span of time with books proving their natural humanity and desire for equality.
The Harlem Renaissance, originally known as “the New Negro Movement”, was a cultural, social, and artistic movement during the 1920’s that took place in Harlem. This movement occurred after the World War I and drew in many African Americans who wanted to escape from the South to the North where they could freely express their artistic abilities. This movement was known as The Great Migration. During the 1920’s, many black writers, singers, musicians, artists, and poets gained success including Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey, and W.E.B. Du Bois. These creative black artists made an influence to society in the 1920’s and an impact on the Harlem Renaissance.
Because of that, his writing seems to manifest a greater meaning. He is part of the African-American race that is expressed in his writing. He writes about how he is currently oppressed, but this does not diminish his hope and will to become the equal man. Because he speaks from the point of view of an oppressed African-American, the poem’s struggles and future changes seem to be of greater importance than they ordinarily would. The point of view of being the oppressed African American is clearly evident in Langston Hughes’s writing.
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The months and even the years prior to the Harlem Renaissance were very bleak and the future of life in America for African-Americans didn’t seem to bode very well. Well, progression towards and reaching the era known as the Harlem Renaissance changed the whole perception of the future of the African-American people as well as life for the group as we know it today. It can be best described by George Hutchinson as ”a blossoming (c. 1918–37) of African American culture, particularly in the creative arts, and the most influential movement in African American literary history [that took place specifically in Harlem]. Embracing literary, musical, theatrical, and visual arts.”. With an increase in the focus of “Black culture”, America seems to be changing its norms with the introduction of this new movement or rather this new “era”.
“Mockingbirds don't do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They don't eat up people’s gardens, don't nest in corncribs, they don't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. Thats why it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird” (119). In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, the first mention of a mockingbird appears when Jem and Scout are learning how to use their new air rifles. Atticus doesn’t want to teach them how to shoot the air rifles, but he gives them one rule to follow: do not kill mockingbirds. Later Scout, the main character, is told by Miss Maudie about how it is a sin to kill a mockingbird because they are innocent and they don't do anything to anyone. Throughout this story, there are several characters who are portrayed as mockingbird figures. Jem, Scout, Tom Robinson, and Boo Radley all fit the symbol of a mockingbird because they all start off innocent but are later changed dramatically by the brokenness of the world.
In Harlem, New York the “New Negro” was born by various intellectuals, artists, musicians, and writers who celebrated cultural creativity and nobility throughout the African-American community. A span of ideas on what it meant to be African-American influenced many people to partake in art, music, and writing. During the 1920’s, the endless innovation made Harlem the “Mecca” for African-American civilization. Contributors and leaders recognized this as a resurrection of identity and spirituality which created, the “Harlem Renaissance.” Although the Harlem Renaissance shaped the African-American community substantially, there was still dispute. White Americans weren’t educated about African-American culture, segregation kept both races from coming together, and discrimination within the black community made light-skinned people suppose they were superior to dark-skinned people. When daylight transformed to nightlife, white people wanted to partake in the fun which usually brought along immense opportunities for writers and musicians.
The contradiction of being both black and American was a great one for Hughes. Although this disparity was troublesome, his situation as such granted him an almost begged status; due to his place as a “black American” poet, his work was all the more accessible. Hughes’ black experience was sensationalized. Using his “black experience” as a façade, however, Hughes was able to obscure his own torments and insecurities regarding his ambiguous sexuality, his parents and their relationship, and his status as a public figure.
2. The African American culture blossomed during the Harlem Renaissance, particularly in creative arts, and the most influential movement in African American literary history. Embracing literary, musical, theatrical, and visual arts, participants sought to reconceptualize “the Negro” apart from the white stereotypes that had influenced black peoples’ relationship to their heritage and to each other. They also sought to break free of Victorian moral values and bourgeois shame about aspects of their lives that might, as seen by whites, reinforce racist beliefs. Never dominated by a particular school of thought but rather characterized by intense debate, the movement laid the groundwork for all later African American literature and had an enormous
Langston Hughes was probably the most well-known literary force during the Harlem Renaissance. He was one of the first known black artists to stress a need for his contemporaries to embrace the black jazz culture of the 1920s, as well as the cultural roots in Africa and not-so-distant memory of enslavement in the United States. In formal aspects, Hughes was innovative in that other writers of the Harlem Renaissance stuck with existing literary conventions, while Hughes wrote several poems and stories inspired by the improvised, oral traditions of black culture (Baym, 2221). Proud of his cultural identity, but saddened and angry about racial injustice, the content of much of Hughes’ work is filled with conflict between simply doing as one is told as a black member of society and standing up for injustice and being proud of one’s identity. This relates to a common theme in many of Hughes’ poems: that dignity is something that has to be fought for by those who are held back by segregation, poverty, and racial bigotry.
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Few people have heard of the Harlem Renaissance, let alone know what a large impact it had on society today. During World War One, African Americans had fought alongside whites to defeat their enemies. However, they were welcomed home with the same cruel, unfair prejudice as before the war. Although slavery had been abolished long ago, many Caucasians still held a serious grudge against the black population in general. Very little of African American culture had trickled through the enormous racial dam built by Caucasians at that time. However, the 1920’s was a time of extreme cultural reformation for society where blacks began to share their work in art, literature, and other cultural aspects with the changing world. Despite the severe oppression enforced by the white population of America, a period of cultural rebirth occurred in the 1920’s, more commonly known as the Harlem Renaissance.
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