MSA University
Faculty of pharmacy
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
PM 203
Name: Dina Ahmed Abd El Fattah Hegab
ID# 111797
Group: C
Under Supervision of: Dr. Reham Wasfy
Disinfectants
Disinfectants Can be applied to any non- living objects ; as this substance can destroy the microorganisms living on its surface. The Bacterial spores is kind of resistant to the Disinfection , it doesn't necessarily kills it, thus not necessary kills all the microorganisms. Unlike the sterilization – that is extreme physical (and/or) chemical process that kills all types of life- it is less effective in results. Disinfectants are not like any other antimicrobial agent as antibiotics that kills the microorganisms living inside the bodies or the antiseptics that kills the microorganisms on a living tissue it is even not like biocides that don't just kills the micro organisms, but also kills all types of life. Disinfectants simply cause damage to the microbe cell wall or it interferes with its metabolism.
More about Disinfection……..
Disinfection are by nature toxic to human beings and animals, as most of the modern Disinfection contains the substance bitrex which is considered to be the bitterest substance ever, this substance is used as a safety measure and is added to discourage the ingestion.
Disinfectant Types can be divided into two main groups; which are oxidizing and non- oxidizing.
1- Oxidising disinfectants :
It works by the oxidization of the microorganism's cell membrane; this leads the cell to death. In the oxidizing disinfectants both the components oxygen and chlorine exists heavily, as they are both strong oxidizers.
2- Non-oxidising disinfectants:
It operates by disturbing the phospho-lipid molecules that make- up the ...
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... to be kept in a temperature of 16 °C to 18°C for 24 hours then leave it to be chilled for 1 hour before starting the test.
References:
1- Holchem- leader in the speciality chemical manufacturing industry Available at : http://www.holchem.co.uk/disinfectant-types.aspx
2- Holchem- leader in the speciality chemical manufacturing industry Available at : http://www.holchem.co.uk/disinfectant-tests.aspx
3- The Egypt Germany disinfectant company Available at : http://egypt-germany-disinfection.com/index.php/products/ahd-2000-menu-item
4- The Egypt Germany disinfectant company Available at : http://egypt-germany-disinfection.com/index.php/products/2013-02-02-09-45-28
5- Wikipedia, Available at : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant
6- The Egypt Germany disinfectant company Available at: http://egypt-germany-disinfection.com/index.php/products/lysoforminspezial
The procedure of the lab on day one was to get a ring stand and clamp, then put the substance in the test tube. Then put the test tube in the clamp and then get a Bunsen burner. After that put the Bunsen burner underneath the test tube to heat it. The procedure of the lab for day two was almost exactly the same, except the substances that were used were different. The
HOCl is a much stronger disinfectant than hypochlorite but their relative distribution depends upon pH. At pH > 4 dissociation of Cl2 is almost complete whereas at pH values greater than 5, HOCl starts dissociating and there is an increase in concentration of OCl-. The effect of pH on chlorination is shown in fig 1.1(a).
Feces, viruses, staph, Salmonella and hand-foot-mouth disease. These are just a few of the things that can be on our hands from normal daily living. With compromised immune systems, open wounds and other issues, these are very harmful. That is why it is so important to keep proper hand hygiene in mind at all times. Hospital infections affect almost two million people in the United States every year, 100,000 of whom die. Up to 70 percent of infections could be prevented if the health care workers follow recommended protocol (Michigan Health Lab, May 26, 2016). Nobody wants to know that when your food has
Antibiotics are powerful substances which are capable of inhibiting bacterial growth. Antibiotics can be consumed from any part of the body. Essentially there are two different types of antibiotics which perform different operations to the body. (Medical News, 1) The first discovered type is bactericidal, which not only inhibits but initially eliminates the bacterial or microbial organisms, this is done through exterminating the bacterium cell wall which furthermore erupts and causes the bacteria to be killed. The second type is bacteriostatic, as the name states. It aids to inhibit and limit bacterial growth. The antibiotic stops bacterial growth through stopping the process of protein synthesis, or bacterial reproduction. It is consumed to stop the growth of a microorganism permanently or temporarily. (Scientific American, 3) Patients consume antibiotics through the mouth. Antibiotics can also be directly injected into the body. Others can be applied on the infected area of the body, and physically cured or eliminated. (Medical News, 1)
After the water, has been boiling for 10 minutes, and the temperature inside the test tube has been stable for 5 minutes, record the temperature and remove the thermometer.
Before I address this topic, it is essential that you know the following: an antibiotic is a medicine that inhibits the growth of, or destroys, microorganisms, antibiotic literally means “against life”; in this case, against microbes, and antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. Also, some drugs work against many organisms; these are called broad-spectrum antibiotics. Drugs effective against few organisms are called narrow-spectrum antibiotics.
- Temperature was measured after and exact time i.e. 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes.
Bacteria surrounds us in everything we do, while mold is a part of natures recover process. When the mold Penicillium Notatum was introduced and allowed to grow in a bacteria laced Petri dish, a clear liquid barrier between the mold and bacteria was produced (Alexander). Having only mold and bacteria in a Petri dish was not all that was needed to produce penicillin. Other factors had to be considered such as the "proper temperature and environmental conditions" (Alexander). It took several "test trials after the first discovery to improve the procedures needed" to create the antibiotic (Alexander). This clear liquid is the substance that became known as penicillin
Soap is a cleaning used for the cleaning and washing of the body using water. The main element of soap is natural oils, but companies looking for a profit add other things such as scent and coloring agent to sell more. Antibacterial soap is a manmade creation that specifically targets bacteria from chemicals that are added manually. The chemical that are added purpose is to destroy any bacteria that it comes in contact with, but anti-bacterial soap is not able to neutralize more complicate microorganisms such as virus. Hand sanitizer is an additional or another method washing your hands with soap and water. If you don’t have access to soap and water, the next best thing is hand sanitizer. This invention exterminate most of all the bacteria off on any surface.
The city’s water resources being a river, ground water and a reservoir are prone to having hazardous pathogens harmful to anyone who consumes water from the plant. Chlorination in water treatment is a common practice which is used to disinfect water from disease, however, it is known that when microbes attach to or are within particles of water they are protected from chlorine treatments. An alternate solution to chlorine is chloramine. Chloramine is the addition of ammonia to the chlorine compound. Once chloramine becomes in contact with water it is known as monochloramine. According to Gerstein (pg 719. 1931) and Holwerda (pg 719.1928) the germicidal properties were less when ammonia in chloramine was present. Monochloramine lasts a lot longer in water than chlorine therefore protecting the water from disease for a longer period of time. The water supply network consists of numerous pipes that potentially carry disease in them.
Detergent comes from the Latin word detergere meaning to clean, it is defined as a cleansing agent. Therefore, water itself is a detergent. This essay looks at soap and soapless (or synthetic) detergents. Both substances we use everyday and have a big market commercially, they effect everyone. Soaps are made from natural products and soapless detergents are produced chemically, each having advantages and disadvantages.
As long as the hand sanitizer contains at least 60 percent alcohol and is used correctly, then it does not matter which form of hand sanitizer is used. Hand sanitizers kill most, but not all of the bacteria and viruses on contact, but it does not work well when there is grime from cooking or gardening because the grime makes a barrier.
Methodology: A plastic cup was filled half way with crushed ice and mixed with four spoonfuls of 5 mL of sodium chloride. A thermometer was quickly placed inside the cup to take the temperature and the
- After each trial, leave equipment for 2 minutes to cool. After this when moving hot test tubes and beakers, use the heat proof gloves provided to prevent burning skin
1. Microbial pesticides: - Microbial pesticides are the type of pesticides that deals of some Microorganism such as bacteria, fungi, virus or protozoa are the active ingredient. These types of Pesticides control various types of pests, and the every Separated active ingredient is specific relative to its target