Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) allows for the provision of high-speed Internet services without building physical structures consisting of fiber, coax or category 5 twisted pair in residential houses and business premises, relying instead on base transceiver stations (BTS) to transmit the bandwidth. However, at the initial stages, there weren't any defined standards for building the Systems which resulted in a variety of software and hardware. The acceptance level is therefore low as the prices for these products are often kept high.
As such, IEEE standard 802.16 was developed by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association (IEEE-SA) which sought to make Broadband Wireless access (BWA) more acceptable. The official standard was approved in April 2002 and is now known as "Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access System". It is also known as wireless Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) or wireless Local Loop.
(References from Computer Network, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Person Education, 4th Edition)
IEEE 802.16 deals with the "first-mile/last-mile" connection in wireless MAN which refers to the topology between customer and central office/head end. It characterises the medium access control (MAC) layer that supports multiple physical layer specifications which customise the bandwidth between 10 and 66 GHz to the frequency band usage. The standard defines per station and per connection as the 2 forms of bandwidth allocation. For per station, the bandwidth is released to its users after it amasses all the requests and when it has been allocated the resources. For per connection, the BTS manages each connection directly.
IEEE 802.16 standard specifies a protocol that support low latency applications such as voice and videos and provides broadband connectivity without requiring a direct line of sight between subscriber terminals and the base transceiver station (BTS). It can support a large number of subscribers from a single BTS, accelerating the introduction of wireless broadband equipment into the marketplace, speeding up last-mile broadband deployment worldwide by enabling service providers to increase system performance and reliability while reducing their equipment costs and investment risks due to mass production of the software/hardware.
The 802.16 Protocol Stack is different from the Logical Link Control protocols which have been used with other LAN standards. The difference lies in the security sublayer that provides customer separation through encryption mechanisms and encryption key management. The MAC sublayer manages the data transfer mechanism while the service specific convergence sublayers deal with different services such as voice, video, data transfer and basic Internet access that can be provided over 802.
Stephen Kern, a professor of history at The Ohio State University, wrote the chapter “Wireless
The 802 committee and the OSI model both relate to one another. The OSI model shows how the layers of the internet are able to communicate and function with each other. While the 802 committee will add onto that by showing how network protocols should function. With that being said there are numerous working groups under the 802 committee however the one that I will be writing about is the 802.2 or the logical link control (LLC). The logical link control is in the 2nd layer (data-link) of the OSI model. The purpose of this protocol is flow and error control along with multiplexing and demultiplexing. How multiplexing works is by getting multiple data streams and combining them into one shared stream. This is mainly seen in the common forms
1 in 3 Americans Adults are currently at risk for developing kidney disease. What is acute renal failure, when your kidneys functions all of a sudden stop working and your kidneys are the body’s filter which remove waste products and help balance water, salts and minerals especially electrolytes in your blood when your kidneys stop working you end up building all the products in your body that need to be filtered and eliminated. The pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure are due to three main causes Pre-renal, Intra-renal, and Post renal. Pre-renal is a sudden drop in blood pressure or interruption of blood flow to the kidneys from illness or sever injury. Intra-renal is direct damage to the kidneys by inflammation of drugs, infection, toxins or reduced blood supply. Post-renal is a sudden obstruction of urine flow because of enlarged prostate bladder tumor, kidney stones, or injury.
WISP is the next generation of wireless internet and the leader in wireless technologies for tribal community, school, business, and entertainment. The new WISP business will employ top of the line products and provides exceptional technical and unmatched services exceeding those of traditional service providers, such as Comcast, AT&T, and Direct TV. The tribal WISP will enable people in rural communities to be connected to mainstream media and level the playing field. This, in turn, will provide economic development opportunities and will improve their quality of life for the Tachi Yokut
...ess fortunate in their time and assist with having good practices with their neighbors. As today’s Christians, we can think of one of the great commandments in the New Testament, “thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself”. (Matthew 22:39). When we care for our neighbor and help provide for the less fortunate, we display holiness as well as show our faith to the world. Matthew 25:37-40 states, “Then the righteous will answer him, Lord, when saw we thee a hungered, and fed thee? or thirst, and gave thee drink? When saw we thee a stranger, and took thee in? or naked, and clothed thee? or when saw we thee sick, or in prison, and came unto thee? And the King shall answer and say unto them, verily I say unto you. In as much as ye have done it unto one of the least of these ye brethren, ye have done it unto me.”
The basic function of a working kidney is to remove toxic waste from the bloodstream, balances body fluids and forms urine. (WebMd, 2013) When the kidney, which is an essential part of the human body fails and blood flow is compromised by electrolyte and acid base abnormalities this is Acute Renal Failure (ARF) also known as Acute Kidney Injury. There are three major causes of acute renal failure. First being Prerenal, which is primarily a severe drop in blood pressure and cessation of blood flowing to the kidneys caused by a traumatic injury or a severe illness. Secondly, another cause is Intrarenal which is the Middle stage of renal Failure, manifested by edema, toxins, drugs and decreased blood supply. Lastly, Postrenal is when the urine flow is compromised due to an enlarged prostate, stones, and/or a bladder tumor. According to the American Family Physician (2000) 60 to 70 percent of cases are prerenal causes.
J. A. Gutierrez ,M. Naeve , E. Callaway , M. Bourgeois ,V. Mitter and B. Heile "IEEE 802.15.4:adeveloping standard for low-power low-cost wireless personal area networks", IEEE Network, vol. 15, no. 5, pp.12 -19 2001
Domestic sex trafficking is the vile new innovative business model used in the sex industry to promote prostitution. The myth about sex trafficking is that it is a foreign not a domestic problem. Sex trafficking is a very lucrative business. The “John’s” create a demand and the “pimps” provide the supply. Child abuse, child neglect, pornography, pedophilia and prostitution are all links in the chains that enslaves America’s children for the pleasure of adults.
The United States is a major port for human trafficking and, “Due to the covert nature of human trafficking, it is difficult to ascertain which countries are the primary source nations for trafficking into the US” (Hepburn). People of all ages and genders are at risk to human trafficking (Hepburn). Women and girls make up about fifty-six percent of the people trafficked for forced labor, while men and boys make up the other forty-four percent; children make up forty to fifty percent of those numbers (Hepburn). Ninety-eight percent of the people trafficked for sexual explorations are women and girls (Hepburn). Children tend to be targeted more than adults because they are much more vulnerable. Human trafficking has different forms, and “While trafficking for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation is more publicized in the media, it is not the only form of trafficking that takes place in the US” (Hepburn). Trafficking for the purposes of forced labor is just as likely to occur as trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation (Hepburn). Many citizens have never heard of human trafficking for something other than sexual exploitation. Hepburn shows that, “Forty-three percent are trafficked for purposes of...
2010. Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.). And The United States is widely regarded as a popular destination country for human trafficking as federal reports estimate that between 14,500 to 17,500 victims are trafficked into the United States every year. That doesn’t even include the number of victims who are trafficked within the United States each year ("WHAT IS HUMAN TRAFFICKING?" State of California Department of Justice Office of the Attorney General. State of California Department of Justice Office of the Attorney General). Most women trafficked to the U.S. are forced to work in the sex industry (including strip clubs, peep and touch shows, massage parlors that offer sexual services, and prostitution). They are also trafficked to work in sweatshops, domestic servitude, and agricultural work. (Skinner, E. Benjamin. 2008. A Crime So Monstrous: Face-to-Face with Modern-Day Slavery. New York, NY: Free Press.). In the U.S. human trafficking has been reported in all 50 states, Washington, D.C., and in some U.S. territories. (”International Human Trafficking.” FBI. November 23, 2009. Accessed: December 23,
Wireless technology has widely spread lately and you can get connected almost anywhere at home, at work, in libraries, schools, airports, and hotels and even in some restaurants. It can be use anywhere is because there is a wireless network access point. These access point has a range about 20 meters indoor and even a greater range on outdoors. The coverage can comprise an area as small as single room with walls that block radio waves or as large as many square miles achieved by using multiple overlapping access points. But in public Wi-Fi hotspots normally require a paid subscription...
The first wireless devices/products were brought to the market with the name “WaveLAN”. A Dutch engineer, Vic Hayes, named ‘father of Wi-Fi’ was with his team designing other Wi-Fi standards. Wi-Fi was used on the market as early as the year 2000 by the company called Interbrand Corporation, who were hired by the Wi-Fi Alliance to think of a name that people would like. It was Phil Belanger, a founding member of the Wi-Fi Alliance, who selected the name “Wi-Fi” (a play for the term “Hi-Fi”) and created the Wi-Fi logo.... ...
LANs systems can be defined and connected in many different ways. This is the reason for the standardization for every one can have a common ground to start from. “The LANs described Herein are distinguished from other types of data networks in that they are optimized for a moderate size geographic area such as a single office building, warehouse, or a campus. The IEEE 802 LAN is a shared medium peer-to-peer communications network that broadcasts information for all stations to receive. As a consequence, it does not inherently provide privacy. The LAN enables stations to communicate directly using a common physical medium on a point-to-point basis without any intermediate switching node being required. There is always need for an access sublayer in order to arbitrate to access to the shared medium. The network is generally owned, used, and operated by a single organization. This is in contrast to Wide Area Networks (WANs) that interconnect communication facilities in different parts of a country or are used as a public utility. These LANs are also different from networks, such as backplane buses, that are optimized for the interconnection of devices on a desk top or components within a single piece of equipment.”(IEEE 802 Standard 1990) That is the standard definition for LANs by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer committee 802. They are the committee used to set the standard in workmanship and operations for technicians that set-up and perform maintenance on LANs systems. And through all the technical words what they are trying to say is a LAN is a small area network that distributes information among computer in a small work environment unlike WANs that distribute information across global areas.
Human trafficking which is commonly referred as “modern-day slavery” is a trade in humans in the form of prostitution, sexual exploitation, forced labor or even for the extraction of organs. Here in this country, people are being abducted, bought, and sold like slaves to be forced into all forms of servitude. The U.S Department of Justice stated that “human trafficking has become the second fastest growing criminal industry — just behind drug trafficking — with children accounting for roughly half of all victims” (Baldas, Human trafficking a growing crime in the U.S). It is not only happening in the States but it is also a worldwide phenomenon. To think that human trafficking may be happening even in our own neighborhood, for us being unaware as we go about our daily lives is unimaginable. Human traffickers generate billions of dollars per annum by victimizing countless people all around the world. Human trafficking is illegal in any way or anywhere as it is a massive violation to human rights.