Abbreviation of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, pronounced I-triple-E. Founded in 1884 as the AIEE, the IEEE was formed in 1963 when AIEE merged with IRE. IEEE is an organization composed of engineers, scientists, and students. The IEEE is best known for developing standards for the computer and electronics industry. In particular, the IEEE 802 standards for local-area networks are widely followed.
Anyone that has worked with a computer on a network has at some point been exposed to the 802 standards. The 802 standards developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electonics Engineers for the primary use in the computer and electronics industry. The IEEE 802 standards for local area networks are widely followed. The IEEE only establishes the standard. The industry leaders in network technology have for the most part accepted these standards and develop their products to meet these standards.
What are the pros and cons of developing to a set standard?
The standards developed under the 802 title cover several aspects of networking technology. A short list of the standard and the area covered are:
LAN/MAN Bridging & Management (802.1)
Logical Link Control (802.2)
Token Ring Access Method (802.5)
Wireless LANs (802.11)
Demand Priority Access Method (802.12)
Wireless Personal Area Networks (802.15)
Broadband Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (802.16)
Resilent Packet Rings (802.17)
(http://standards.ieee.org/catalog/olis/lanman.html)
There has been volumes written on each of these standards. The one that most individuals have been exposed to is the 802.11(X) standard. This standard deals with the setup and use of a wireless local area network. This LAN for many is setup as a home network consisting of a high speed moden, wireless router and a pc/laptop with a wireless network interface card. Some of the more popular vendors for wireless NIC’s and routers are Netgear, D-link and Belkins. The size and shape of the hardware might be slightly different but they all conform to the 802.11 standard.
Until recently most people didn’t pay much attention to the small “b” following the 802.11 (802.11b). Most non-engineers would buy the product, install the device and hoped that it worked. In today’s environment it may not be quite that easy. The type of NIC must match the router being used in terms of the 802.11( ) standard in use. These wireless products come in 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11b/g. These suffix letters have a distinct meaning in the world of wireless. Knowing what they mean even at a novice level will be a time and money saver.
Climate Change and Global Warming cause sea levels to rise. This increase in sea levels not only causes inundation of low lying and coastal areas but also irrevocable damage to coastal environments. Globally the ocean is predicted to rise nearly 140 cm on a global scale by the year 2100 (Cooper et al. 2013); therefore this has massive implications for countries all around the world with cities (settlements etc.) based near bodies of water. When compared to the last 80 years this is an acceleration of nearly twice the rate that ...
Stephen Kern, a professor of history at The Ohio State University, wrote the chapter “Wireless
Wireless is a methodical account of the early development of wireless telegraphy and the inventors who made it possible. Sungook Hong examines several early significant inventions, including Hertzian waves and optics, the galvanometer, transatlantic signaling, Marconi's secret-box, Fleming's air-blast key and double transformation system, Lodge's syntonic transmitter and receiver, the Edison effect, the thermionic valve, and the audion and continuous wave. Wireless fills the gap created by Hugh Aitken, who described at length the early development of wireless communication, but who did not attempt "to probe the substance and context of scientific and engineering practice in the early years of wireless" (p. x). Sungook Hong seeks to fill this gap by offering an exhaustive analysis of the theoretical and experimental engineering and scientific practices of the early days of wireless; by examining the borderland between science and technology; depicting the transformation of scientific effects into technological artifacts; and showing how the race for scientific and engineering accomplishment fuels the politic of the corporate institution. While the author succeeds in fulfilling these goals, the thesis, it seems, is to affirm Guglielmo Marconi's place in history as the father of wireless telegraphy.
"Forecasting Effects of Sea-Level Rise and Windstorms on Coastal and Inland Ecosystems." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6.5 (2008): 255-63. JSTOR. Ecological Society of America, June 2008. Web. 11 Feb. 2014.
When people hear the two words “Organic Foods”, many questions come to mind. Such questions include “what is organic food”, “what does the term organic mean”, and “why should I spend more money on organic food”? Organic food began many years ago before new discoveries and technology ever existed. Throughout the decades, organic food has evolved and caught more attention from buyers and producers than ever before. There are many standards in place to authorize the use of the label “Organic” and also to ensure quality. Regulations and enforcement is placed highly. Understanding the many different labels can be confusing due to the variety of the many different labels. Knowing what to look for and buy is the key to buying truly organic food therefore reaping all the many benefits. Tips will be discussed for those who do not have a full understanding of purchasing organic foods. Many benefits will be derived from going the extra mile to buy and eat organic food. Many researches have been done in supporting the benefits of organic foods. Organic food is a holistic approach acting as a preventive measure and also as a treatment of one’s disease based on individual daily diet.
Organic foods have become more and more popular over the years, and consumers may or may not be knowledgeable when shopping for organic and/or conventional foods. This report will help define the difference between organic and conventional foods and farming, including the health benefits and risks. The demand for organic foods will also be discussed briefly. The purpose of this research is to describe and identify the advantages and issues that are involved with organic and inorganic foods.
With the world’s population continuing to increase, the demand for food is higher than ever. This increase in food demand also calls for more efficient ways of growing and providing the food. Two methods that are very controversial are the organic and conventional method. While many people support the organic method because of its known benefits, others feel that it is an over inflated industry that cheats consumers out of their money. But recently many studies have disproved those critics. These studies prove that Organic food is a better choice than conventional because it is better for the environment, avoids the use of chemicals, and is generally more beneficial.
Childhood obesity is one of the most severe health care disputes of this decade. Obese children are at a higher risk of being obese as an adult. With, increasing numbers of obesity in North America, these people can experience a bundle of health concerns. Some of these health risks include; stress, higher blood pressure and cholesterol levels, type two diabetes, heart disease, cancers (uterus, cervix, breast, colon, liver, kidney are examples), it can even cause osteoarthritis. The number of obese kids has increased to ten percent in the past forty years. In the nineteen seventy's, in North America, from the ages of three to nineteen obesity was at five a percent. Looking at these numbers today in two thousand and fifteen the number jumped
Manufacturers and network managers use the IEEE 802.11 specifications as a standard for implementing WLANs. The first version of the standard came out in 1997 and was further improved two years later. Since then, the IEEE introduced numerous amendments to improve the initial standard. These include enhanced security with WPA2 (802.11i), protected management frames (802.11w), and higher throughput improvements (802.11n). The IEEE continues to introduce additional functionality as with the recent 802.11ac and 802.11ad amendments, which aim to achieve very high throughput with less than 6 gigahertz and 60 gigahertz respectively. These new developments happen rather quickly, an average of two new amendments per year, but it takes some time for these to be integrated into most commercial devices and networks.
There is an increased demand for organic food restaurants in the recent years and many people are leaning in more for organic produce items. There are many organic restaurants for those that want to eat healthier. There has been a high demand in recent years for organically grown food according to statistics from the USDA reports. In 1990 sales of organic food and beverages grew from $1 billion, to $21.1 billion in 2008 and are on track to reach $23 billion in 2009. The considerable increase in demand can be attributed to the common belief that organically produce food are healthier for human health, and also best for our ecological community (Crinnion 4). Organic farming management relies on developing biological diversity in the field to disrupt the habitat for pest organisms for maintaining soil fertility (Crinnion 6). Since bagged fertilizer is not used, organic farming reduces the amount of groundwater pollution and soil erosion while increasing the biodiversity of animal, plant, and microbial life in a given biome. In the past, people who made food choices based on health, nature, and ethics experienced ridicule and were known as extremists, while those with chemical based diets
In today’s technological culture the term Wi-Fi is omnipresent and almost every device intended to connect to the internet has corresponding hardware. But the term Wi-Fi, standing as a synonym to wireless internet in general English, is actually well-defined. The term Wi-Fi is based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 standards. But because the IEEE is not involved in verification and testing the Wi-Fi Alliance had to be created. Wi-Fi is now trademarked by the Wi-Fi Alliance and only products that pass the interoperability certification test are allowed use their logo. This ensures that all devices from different manufactures will successfully work together.
The history of engineering goes back into the 19th century when Alexander Volta (1745-1827) made a remarkable discover regarding the nature of electricity (Cosgrove 749). He discovered that electrical current could be controlled and could flow from one point to another. By the time the mid-19th century came about the rules for electricity were being established. During this time electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael Faraday who lived from 1791 to 1867 (749). Also during this time Samuel Morris invented the telegraph in 1837 which relies on the principles of electromagnetic induction (749). Alexander Graham Bell, who lived from 1847 to 1922, created the telephone which also uses electricity in order to operate (749). Through the success of the telephone, Bell Telephone Company was established. In 1878, the light bulb was finally invented by Thomas Edison who lived from 1847 to 1931 (749). Off the principles of Faraday’s electric motor from 1821, Nicholas Tesla invented a more efficient and powerful electric motor in 1888 (749). To make these inventions be more significant, effort was expended to make better motors and transformers and to enhance the power needed to make them function. Through these inventions during the middle 19th century, it led to the capability of lighting homes and cities through the use of electricity, and it also led to the creation of the telephone communication system (750).
WiFi or Wireless LANs define a short-range wireless network typically used in an office or home setting that allows several users to access the network resources. IEEE 802.11 sets the standard for wireless LAN equipment and speeds and products under this standard are marketed as the WiFi brand (Certification Partners, 2012). When speeds are mentioned, it is typically in reference to the top speeds available but generally, lower speeds are the expectation. Frequency ranges are ...
First of all, the main reason that people choose organic food is that people think organic foods have less chemical residue, such as pesticide, and fertilizer. In the article “Organic foods contain higher levels of certain nutrients, lower levels of pesticides, and may provide health benefits for the consumer”, Crinnion indicated that organic foods just had 33 percent of the amount of pesticide and fertilizer residues that found in conventional foods, and conventional foods contain two or more types of chemical residues than organic foods (Crinnion, 2010). In addition, Crinnion used a study of Seattle preschoolers as an example to demonstrate organic foods have less pesticide residues. The study of Seattle concluded that children who ate more conventional foods had six times higher level of pesticide resi...
Life truly is precious. The majority of people around the globe hope to live a happy and healthy life. Reaching these goals is what most people spend their entire life trying to achieve. There are basic needs that every person has: shelter, clothing, water, and food. In the past when individuals were able to provide for themselves and their families they were able to be content. In the present day however, there is an increasing concern about what type of food is best. Another question is, what type of food should one provide for their family? There are pros and cons to almost every situation. Eating organic food leads to a healthier lifestyle. More and more people are drawing the conclusion that eating organic food leads to a healthier lifestyle.