1906 Earthquake Research Paper

In 1906, not only was earthquake research in the United States falling behind compared to Japan and Europe, the technology in building and city design was nothing like how it is today. The wake-up call issued by the earthquake made geologists undertake massive research in the affected area. Their investigation shows that the damage to buildings by the earthquake was strongly related to both the design and construction of the structure and the local geology – the type of soil or rock on which it was built. It was revealed that the earthquake did the most harm on the soft soil areas of San Francisco, as the buildings that lay on these areas experienced a much greater amount of shaking and tremors, compared to the buildings that lay on the hard rock beds. Based on the assessment of the damage, it was concluded that wooden buildings could withstand an earthquake of the same magnitude of the 1906 tremor – if they were well secured to their foundation, combined with the right internal bracing. Unreinforced masonry structures, on the other hand, would not do so well. The handful of reinforced concrete buildings and steel framed structures would do the best, surviving with generally very little structural damage. However, as San Francisco was being rebuilt, the building code changed very little in the aftermath of the natural disaster. It wasn’t until the 1925

This leads to formulating certain survival procedures, researching new technology and preparing and for an earthquake and volcanic eruptions. To overcome the effects of earthquakes, scientists and engineers have designed earthquake resistant infrastructure. This was created because common infrastructures fail in earthquakes as there are heavy and can 't stand seismic waves. The major cause of death during earthquakes is being killed by a falling building. However, in earthquake resistant building the main concept is to make the building as rigid, strong and out of the lightest material possible so if it does fall individuals have a possibility of surviving. At the bottom of earthquake resistant building, there would be some sort of shock absorber, so it can absorb the seismic waves reducing the impact. Then, the building will incorporate a sheer core and sheer walls, to reduce the rocking movements of an earthquake. Along with this, walls will have two steam beams for added security. In developing countries, a similar type of plan is used but the building is made out of more cheaper and everyday objects. Another defence systems humans use to adapt to earthquakes and volcanoes is monitoring and warning systems. Monitoring and warning systems are usually controlled by local or national governments. In earthquake situations, sensors (which are distributed in the region prone to earthquakes) send information to the alert centre when a seismic wave is detected, there the information is investigated. Afterwards, the information from the alert centre is immediately transmitted to the individuals of the region warning them about the expected intensity and arrival time of earthquake by text message or call. After that, it is advised that individuals turn off all electrical appliances and follow their local earthquake

One of the major aftermaths of the Northridge Earthquake of January 17, 1994, was the widespread connection damage that posed a major question regarding the behavior of field-welded, field-bolted moment frame connections, also known as Pre-Northridge connections.

Mr. Adams describes the San Francisco earthquake as his most profound human suffering experience because the horror of shaking floors, parts of his mom’s house collapse to the floor, and got a broken nose from stumbling into a brick wall (Ansel Adams & The 1906 Earthquake 2008). Earthquakes are part of natural disasters of the earth and normally caused by shaking the ground and rapid movement of one block of rock slipping past another along fractures in the earth crust called faults. Faults are usually locked excluding abrupt movements with slippage that create earthquakes (Lutgens, F. & Tarbuck,

The Rise of Earthquakes in Oklahoma With earthquakes on the rise, we must figure out the cause of them and determine a solution to help limit or even prevent them from occurring. Since early 2009, earthquakes have been sweeping across the state of Oklahoma, causing many people to worry about their own well-being. Many scientists speculate the source of the earthquakes might be a result of Hydraulic Fracturing deep down in Earths’ crust. Hydraulic fracturing is a process in which oil and natural gas companies pump up to millions of gallons of wastewater, sand, and chemicals down drilled holes in order to release pockets of shale within the earth. This use of technology is in question of the potential cause or inducement of earthquakes in Oklahoma.

...re situations, from a razed city to devastated citizens. The calamity caused the city to crumble and the government to pay extreme amounts of money. In addition, residents of San Francisco and other surrounding areas suffered the consequences. Thousands died, but even more faced the encumbrance of homelessness. The earthquake caused fires that went on for as long as three days. Nevertheless, San Francisco transformed its ashes into a beautiful city full of fascinating buildings in a matter of weeks. 1906, a year of a significant natural disaster, also became a year that spawned knowledge in the field of seismology. No one will ever forget the appalling chain of events that occurred during the early twentieth century. The San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 has not only educated scientists, but it has also made San Francisco the jewel of the West Coast that it is today.

...ds of lives. Humans’ ability to cope with natural disaster such as an Earthquake will be an ongoing struggle. The best hope relies on better predictions, better structural design and ultimately no fatalities.

...er caused the city to crumble and the government to pay extreme amounts of money. In addition, residents of San Francisco and other surrounding areas suffered as a result. Thousands died, but even more faced the encumbrance of homelessness. As if that could not worsen, fires went on afterward for as long as three days. Nevertheless, San Francisco transformed like a phoenix; its ashes turned into a beautiful city full of fascinating buildings in a matter of months. 1906, a year of a significant natural disaster, also became a year that spawned knowledge in the field of seismology. No one will ever forget the appalling chain of events that took place during the early twentieth century. The San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 has not only taught seismologists almost everything they now know, but it has also made San Francisco the jewel of the West Coast that it is today.

The physical damage done to San Francisco due to the earthquake was extensive. The earthquake caused gas lines to rupture and chimneys to collapse which resulted in perhaps the greatest devastation from the earthquake, the fires. About fifty fires broke out around the city that in combination with the earthquake caused the destruction of about 28,000 buildings (The Great San Francisco Earthquake: One of America's Worst Urban Disasters. 2005). The fires continued to burn for four days because the water mains had burst; therefore, the hydrants had no water. Desperation sunk in and the fire department and military, having no water to stop the fires, used dynamite to create firebreaks. This ultimately backfired and led to the fires expanding. When the fires stopped, the city was left in ruins with 80% of it being destroyed (Dean. Pg 506).

Lissette Mercedes Gandhi Ms. Stephanie Humanities 3 April, 28 2016 Consequences of the earthquake in Haiti Do You know that Haiti is one of the poorest countries in the world and when passing the 2010 earthquake Haiti went into an economic crisis. This event caused Haitian people lose their job because all places were destroyed also caused more diseases such as cholera and many of them began to immigrate to other countries. I would like all this was resolved so that with help from other mainly with the help of the neighboring country Dominican Republic so that together we can make a change.