In this study, mouth disintegrating tablets (MDTs) of Atenolol-Atorvastatin (AA) combination was formulated for hypertensive patients who feel difficulty in swallowing solid dosage forms especially tablets and capsules due to throat pain, vomiting, non-compliance and inconvenience. Superdisintegrants are the major players in this dosage form to impart fast disintegration. Fifteen formulations of MDT’s were prepared based on the different concentrations of two superdisintegrants (Crosscarmellose sodium and Kyron-T134). Three different techniques i.e. direct compression, effervescent and sublimation methods were used to know the effect of manufacturing processes, nature and concentration of superdisintegrants on various features of MDTs. Five formulations were made by each method. Pre-compression studies like Bulk density, Tapped density, Angle of repose, Carr’s compressibility index, Hausner’s ratio and compatibility studies such as Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were performed. Various features such as hardness, thickness, diameter, weight variation, friability, disintegration time, dissolution studies wetting time, wetting volume, water absorption ratio, modified disintegration, uniformity of contents and stability of formulated MDT’s were evaluated. Finally results were statistically analyzed by the application of one way ANOVA test. It was observed that the formulation F13 containing Kyron-T134 (6%) and Crosscaramellose sodium (2%) found the best among all fifteen formulations in all aspects like disintegration time, wetting volume, wetting time, release studies etc. It was also observed that sublimation method is best among three methods because F13 was prepared by su...
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...se include direct compression, sublimation method, effervescent method etc. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages but most commonly direct compression is used in preparing orodispersible tablets [8- 10].
In the present study MDT’s of Atenolol and Atorvastatin were formulated by using different techniques and superdisintegrants in order to reduce dose frequency and to enhance patient compliance towards therapy. Atenolol belongs to class β-blockers and is currently employed in the treatment of hypertension. It is also used in combination therapy of hypertension [11]. Atorvastatin is an anti-hyperlipidemic used to reduce the Cholesterol levels of the blood. This drug belongs to statins and works by inhibiting the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase which is present in liver and plays an important role in production of cholesterol [12].
Ace Inhibitors are used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure (CHF). Most of the drugs that are Ace Inhibitors have the common ending –pril. It inhibits an enzyme; that decreases the tension of blood vessels and the blood volume, thus lowering blood pressure. Lotensin (benzapril) comes in tablets and is used for oral administration. It is one of the ace inhibitors that are indicated for treating hypertension. There is warning while using Lotensin when pregnant, it indicates to stop using immediately when pregnancy is detected. Vasotec (enalpril) comes in tablets and injection. It is indicated for the treatment of hypertension and is effective alone or in combination with other Ace Inhibitors agents, especially thiazide-type diuretics. There is a warning for fetal toxicity; when pregnancy is detected; stop using.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- If the surface area of the tablets is increased by crushing, particles around it in the solution will have more area to work. on, and the rates of reactions will increase because there will be more of the collisions. Complete reaction will finish faster. The more amount of water used as we increase the temperature.
the ones that contains ppt in half, then add 6M NH3 to one set of them
Dealing with alcohol withdrawal, Atenolol can be used as an addition to tradition alcohol withdrawal treatment to help make the results more effective. In relation to anxiety disorders, atenolol is usually used in small stress reactions, minor panic disorders, and generalized anxiety syndrome. Results are most easily obtainable in patients who have bodily anxiety, as opposed to the mind, and helps reduce trembling and rapid heart beat. Atenolol also had a large affect on cardiac illnesses. In the most common, angina pectoris, atenolol is used to decrease the amount of repeated attacks and to prevent any immediate death. Atenolol is best effective on middle-aged or teenagers, and to those with high blood pressure and heart rate as a result of exercise. The other major heart sickness is congestive heart failure. Giving Atnolol to a person with congestive heart failure must be taken with much care and precauution. One should start with low doses at first, and as time passes, increase the intake gradually. Overall, it affects the heart and circulatory system to either lessen the effect of or prevent any type of cardiovascular illness that may cause serious and/or permanent damage to the body. But how exactly does the medication work?
In this case study, our concern goes for the chitosan nanoparticles; firstly nanoparticles are able to adsorb and/or encapsulate a drug, thus protecting it against chemical and enzymatic degradation. Furthermore the encapsulated drug may be prevented from crystallization, thus forming a solid solution. Depending on drug solubility in the carrier, a drug load varying from only a few percent up to 50%] Secondly, chitosan is ...
Lipid altering drugs include several classes of medications each of which have their own mechanism of action. Statins inhibit HMG CoA reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase), which is the rate-limiting enzyme for the production of cholesterol in the liver. Statins competitively inhibit this enzyme and induce an increased expression of LDL receptors in the liver. Which in turn increases the uptake catabolism of serum LDL into the liver resulting in decreased serum cholesterol level. This reduction in serum LDL and cholesterol levels has resulted in reduction of 10-year CHD and stroke risk. Pitavastatin was approved in Japan since 2003 and was granted FDA approval in 2009 and is marketed under the name of Livalo. Several phase III and IV trials have shown that Pitavastatin is both safe and efficacious in lowering both serum LDL and Triglycerides (TG) by 29.1% and 22.7% respectively from baseline levels which was significant. These studies showed that only 10% of Pitavastatin treated patients had adverse events (AE) in which 84% of these events were mild and about 1% were serious adverse events (SAE)6, 12, 14, 16-26, 28-31. Atorvastatin is the most commonly used statin in clinical practice; the F...
He is also on medications for his hypertension and to manage the pain he is experiencing. These medications are given at his assisted living and within the hospital, so teaching has been done, but the nurse was able to briefly explain the medications to his daughters as each one is administered so that the patient was aware of what is being given each time. He is taking 40 mg by mouth at bedtime of Atorvastatin as a primary prevention for cardiovascular disease and lowering the risk of a heart attack (MI) or stroke. It is a lipid-lowering agent, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. This medication requires a nursing assessment to be done involving monitoring the patient’s serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels before starting this medication and to monitor the liver function throughout the drug therapy. If the patient develops muscle tenderness, the nurse will need to assess CK levels in the patient (Deglin, Vallerand and Sanoski, 2014, p. 642). 75 mg by mouth at bedtime of Clopidogrel, which is an antiplatelet agent, is being used to reduce atherosclerotic events. When giving this medication, the nurse needs to assess for symptoms of stroke, PVD, or MI periodically during treatment. Also, the nurse needs to monitor for signs of forming blood clots and monitor bleeding (Deglin, 2014, p. 327-328). Metoprolol 25 mg daily is a
Size and stability: Liquid formulation can be bulky, difficult to transport and store.1 During storage under the stated conditions, it’s necessary that oral solutions are not subject to precipitation, fast sedimentation, caking or formation of lump.2 They have poor stability compare to solid dosage form formulation due to hydrolysis.1 Therefore, it’s important to optimize the active ingredient stability in liquid formulation including those prepared from powder or granules.2
The Egyptians were experts at trading, importing and exporting goods with various countries. Due to its geographical location, Ancient Egypt was able to obtain great success through trading and commerce. The Nile River provided many inlets into the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea, these passages allowed for greater opportunities for trading and communication with neighboring countries. The use of vessels proved to be a great resource in securing the Egyptian economy with its vast amount of riches, providing the main mode of transportation for trade and travel. This paper will examine Ancient Egypt’s relation with the Nile River and the trade and commerce that secured it as one of the greatest nations in history (Baines, 2002).
Another thing that must be kept constant is who much of the Alka-Seltzer tablet you use and what the surface area is. This has to be kept constant since maybe the crushed Alka-Seltzer tablet will dissolve faster because of its surface area, if you use different surface area your data will then again be
Weight of the crystallized acetaminophen (MW = 151.2) the percentage yield was calculated. This calculation was based on the original amount of p-aminophenol used at the beginning of this experiment. Melting point of products was determined and comparison of the final product with that of the crude acetaminophen was carried out. Also compared was the colors of the crude, decolorized, and pure acetaminophen. Pure acetaminophen melts at 169.5 -171°C.
The chitosan nanoparticles used widely as a drug delivery systems last few years. In the present study the Echis carinataus snake venom loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared based on ionic gelation of tripolyphosphate and chitosan.. The nanoparticles physicochemical characteristics , stability and biological activity of encapsulated venom were studied . The particles were spherical in shape and the tripolyphosphoric groups of TPP were linked to the ammonium groups of chitosan. Optimum particle size of chitosan and venom loaded nanoparticles were 89 and 116 nm, respectively. Optimum loading capacity and loading efficiency obtained by 500 µg/ml concentration of venom . The biological activity of venom remained intact during nanparticulation and showed no considerable reduction in stability analysis. Our results suggested that Chitosan nanoparticles, which prepared in this work possibly, could be used as an alternative for traditional adjuvants.
Analysis of Aspirin Tablets Aim --- To discover the percentage of acetylsalicylic acid in a sample of aspirin tablets. ----------------------------------------------------------------- In order to do this, the amount of moles that react with the sodium hydroxide must be known. This is achieved by using the method of back titration.
Depending on the point of reference, suppositories can be defined in number of ways[1,2]. Functionally, they may be best described as solid or semisolid