I. Introduction
Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationships between linguistic behavior and psychological processes, including the process of language acquisition.
Psycholinguistics covers the cognitive processes that make it possible to generate a grammatical and meaningful sentences out of vocabulary and grammatical structures, as well as the processes that make it possible to understand utterance, words, text, etc. One of the areas of psycholinguistics is concerned with how human beings produce spoken language. Aphasia is one of the difficulties encountered by some people, especially young. Aphasia is an impairment of language, affecting the production or comprehension of speech and the ability to read and write. It may affect mainly a single aspect of language use , such as the ability to retrieve the names of objects, or the ability to put words together into sentences, or the ability to read. Aphasia is not a disease, but a symptom of brain damage.
This research deals with Saudi aphasic children, to explore the causes ,symptoms and treatment of such cases in early childhood.
Specifically, the researcher attempts to unveil the causes diagnosis, treatment and intervention procedures adopted by speech therapists and teachers dealing with cases of Saudi children suffering from this disturbance in a kindergarten school in Jeddah
(Thinker-Tinker) Afkar AL-Sighar.
The researcher is interested in this psycholinguistics topic because of the people lack of sufficient awareness about aphasia. In addition, expected dangers of neglecting this disorder very high for the parents and their children. It's also, because not so many studies have been done in this area especially with reference to Saudi children.
The study consi...
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...he important aspect of aphasia and the treatment aphasic children get their progress they achieve.
4. Objectives
Focusing on the symptoms and reasons of aphasia.
Discussing the treatment offered to aphasic children.
Demonstrating the role of psychological factors in causing aphasia.
Proving that skills of comprehension are not affected by the disease.
Indicating how aphasic children can express what they want and how they comprehend speech.
II. Methodology
The methodology of this research will combine both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The researcher will study one aphasic child with aphasia and follow up his problem, observe his behavior, ability to accommodate speech, acceptant of treatment and the progression of the child. The researcher will visit Afkar AL-Sighar once a week in one hour. Meeting with specialist and teacher are included in the visit.
The two most common types of aphasia is Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia. Broca's aphasia is known as non-fluent because a patient has difficulty retrieving and producing fluent speech. Instead a Broca's aphasia patient produces slow speech and "telegraphic" skipping function words and grammatical morphemes. Wernicke's aphasia is known as fluent aphasia because the patients have no idea producing speech it just does not make sense and even made up words.
The neuroanatomical approach to aphasia relies on the localization of lesions on the brain in addition to clinical observation in order to classify patients according to syndromes. For example, according to the neuroanatomical approach, Broca’s aphasia, which us usually associated with a lesions on the posterior inferior frontal gyrus of the brain, has cardinal features that distinguish is from other fluent and non-fluent aphasias (e.g. poor repetition, poor repetition and poor naming with good auditory comprehension).
The paper that I’m writing is on Rett Syndrome. Rett is a rare and severe ‘girls only” form of autism. What is Rett you ask? Well it is neurodevelopment that is found in girls. If you are diagnosed with it they can feel overwhelmed, there is no cure for this disease. You are normally diagnosed with it in the early years (first 2 years of life). There are 4 stages of Rett 1 being the least dramatic case and 4 being the severe. The disorder was identified by Dr. Andreas Rett in 1966, but was not until 1983 when it was started to be researched by Dr. Bengt Hagberg. Apraxia is perhaps the most severely disability of Rett Syndrome that interfering with movement and speech, and eye sight.
The article opens up with an explanation as to what the method of coaching is. According to Holland, “life coaching”, as it is called, is considered to be a variant of typical counseling. Coaching is in its early stages (as of 2007), yet it is used in developments and processes that are designed to help individuals with aphasia live their lives to the fullest and improve their quality of life. The work of Goldsmith (an earlier mentioned practitioner) is the author’s main interest. Goldsmith’s approach involves what one may call a “Buddhist” way of thinking; meaning change is seen as a positive thing. Speech-language pathologists place their trust in their client’s ability to take on new skills, arrange their new language capabilities, and acquire new problem-solving tactics.
...m the pre- to post- testing across all experimental groups were relatively modest. Results for children in active treatment groups weren’t statistically different than the ones in the control group. The limited literature for PLI school age children suggested that the change was slow by standard scores on norm reference tests. It was noted that they had focused their analyses on the general measures of language and cognitive skills. The study was also affected by the sample size, especially the control group. It would have been productive if they considered each child’s characteristics at the starting point, and examinations of the effects of age, initial severity and language backgrounds. The author also noted, more homogeneous samples of bilingual children with PLI in future exploration and the overall intensity of the experimental treatment was high for children.
Aphasia can be defined as a disorder that is caused by damage to parts of the brain that are responsible for language (“Aphasia” n.p.). Wernicke’s aphasia is a type of fluent aphasia (with the other type being nonfluent). It is named after Carl Wernicke who described the disorder as “an amnesiac disorder characterized by fluent but disordered speech, with a similar disorder in writing, and impaired understanding of oral speech and reading” (“Wernicke’s” n.p.). Wernicke’s aphasia can also be known as sensory aphasia, fluent aphasia, or receptive aphasia. It is a type of aphasia that is caused by damage to Wernicke’s area in the brain, in the posterior part of the temporal lobe of the left hemisphere. This area of the brain contains motor neurons responsible for the understanding of spoken language and is believed to be the receptive language center (“Rogers” n.p.). Wernicke’s aphasia can be most efficiently defined as a fluent language disorder commonly caused by strokes and characterized by difficulty comprehending spoken language and producing meaningful speech and writing which is both assessable by an SLP and treatable by a variety of methods.
This research is intended to analyze the transcript of a child’s speech. The target child is a female named Majorie who is 2 years and 3 months old. The transcript is from The Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. The linguistic aspects that will be examined are the phonological processes of the child including speech errors, syllable shapes, and her phonetic inventory consisting of manner and place of articulation. Included in the analysis will be her stage and development of lexical knowledge and what words she uses.
Speech language pathology is another major rehabilitative medical care. Some stroke survivors area unit left with brain disorder, an impairment of language and speaking skills within which the stroke survivor will assume likewise as before the stroke, however is unable to induce the proper words out or is unable to method words coming back [32]. Brain disorder is sometimes caused by a stroke on the left aspect of the brain. Speech language pathology will teach the aphasic stroke survivor and his or her family members’ ways for dealing with this frustrating impairment. Speech language pathologists additionally work to assist the stroke survivor deal with blackout and alternative "thought" issues caused by the stroke [33].
Apraxia of speech is a well-known disease among children around the entire world. There are many stories out there about children having apraxia of speech as well as overcoming it. A story about a girl named Big Sister inspired me and made me want to know more about apraxia. According to “This Simple Home” a young girl with the name of Big Sister showed early signs of apraxia but nobody wanted to believe it. She was always such a happy baby but she didn’t babble or have any sounds. She had no throaty signs, the only sound was mmm-mmm while she was eating, which didn’t start until the age of five. She did laugh and giggle and cry though. They began teaching her sign language so that she could communicate around the age of two and people around them thought that they were crazy for doing so. Around the age of fifteen months their pediatrician encouraged them to go get a hearing evaluation as well as a speech evaluation. From there they started therapy. She had a Speech and Language Pathologist (SLP) and by her second birthday she was having a couple word approximations. Then from there she began to improve. (Annette, 2012)
Communication is very crucial in life, especially in education. Whether it be delivering a message or receiving information, without the ability to communicate learning can be extremely difficult. Students with speech and language disorders may have “trouble producing speech sounds, using spoken language to communicate, or understanding what other people say” (Turkington, p10, 2003) Each of these problems can create major setbacks in the classroom. Articulation, expression and reception are all essential components for communication. If a student has an issue with articulation, they most likely then have difficulty speaking clearly and at a normal rate (Turkington, 2003). When they produce words, they may omit, substitute, or even distort sounds, hindering their ability to talk. Students who lack in ways of expression have problems explaining what they are thinking and feeling because they do not understand certain parts of language. As with all types of learning disabilities, the severity can range. Two extreme cases of expression disorders are dysphasia and aphasia, in which there is partial to no communication at all (Greene, 435, 2002). Individuals can also have a receptive disorder, in which they do not fully comprehend and understand information that is being given to them. They can experience problems making sense of things. “Children may hear or see a word but not be able to understand its meaning” (National Institutes of Health, 1993, p1). Whether children have difficulty articulating speech, expressing words, receiving information, or a combination of the three, there is no doubt that the tasks given to them in school cause frustration. These children experience anxiety when...
obect orientated programming has many advantages, one of these is the fact that the objects created : Jeffrey L. Popyack (2012) "can easily be reused in other programs." The Saylor Foundation also states that object orientated programming allows “Improved software-development productivity" and "Improved software maintainability” through the modular structure of the development.
A speech and langue delay may become evident to caregivers when a child is not reaching the normal milestones for age appropriateness. Children may not be speaking or understanding what may be considered the average for their age groups. A speech delay is defined that a child’s rate of speech is developed at a slower rate than the norm e...
Lubinski R. 2010. Speech Therapy or Speech-Language Pathology. In: JH Stone, M Blouin, editors. International Encyclopedia of Rehabilitation. Available online: http://cirrie.buffalo.edu/encyclopedia/en/article/333/
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