Thermodynamics is "a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and work." "Thermodynamics" is derived from the Greek words that mean "heat" and "power." Thermochemistry is a branch of thermodynamics, and can be defined as the study of relationships between chemical actions and the heat that is generated or absorbed by the action. This can also be associated with calculations of heat capacity, heat combustion and heat formation. A reaction may release or absorb energy, and a phase change may do the same. Melting and boiling are examples of thermochemistry. Thermochemistry can be used in many ways, for example it can be used by Biochemists to understand Bioenergetics, and by chemical engineers to manufacture plants. Thermochemistry is a very important field of study, it can help determine any particular reaction, and if that reaction will release and absorb energy as it occurs. One important aspect of thermochemistry is the "First Law of Thermodynamics" which is a version of the law of "Conservation of Energy" adapted for Thermodynamic Systems. Thermodynamic systems are generally regarded as being open, closed or …show more content…
The subject of thermochemistry usually consists of things like calculations of certain quantities as heat capacity, enthalpy, entropy, and free energy, etc. One of the main parts of thermochemistry is energy. Before learning anything else, you must know what energy is and how it works. Energy is the ability to do work. There are two kinds of energy; kinetic and potential. Kinetic energy is a form of energy that an object or a particle has by reason of its motion. If some kind of work, which transfers energy, is done on an object by applying a net force, the object speeds up and thereby gains kinetic energy. The second kind of energy there is, is potential
Thermodynamics is essentially how heat energy transfers from one substance to another. In “Joe Science vs. the Water Heater,” the temperature of water in a water heater must be found without measuring the water directly from the water heater. This problem was translated to the lab by providing heated water, fish bowl thermometers, styrofoam cups, and all other instruments found in the lab. The thermometer only reaches 45 degrees celsius; therefore, thermodynamic equations need to be applied in order to find the original temperature of the hot water. We also had access to deionized water that was approximately room temperature.
Although Black’s discovery of carbon dioxide was said to lay the foundation for modern chemistry, it wasn’t the only discovery he is credited for. He was the first to conclude that heat and temperature were two different things. Black used water as a universal substance to show that heat is energy, in which may be transported through moving and colliding molecules and the idea that temperature is the measurement of the average motion or kinetic energy of the molecules. He demonstrated this with a bucket of ice monitored by temperature constantly. The ice continually melted, but the temperature remained constant. Black is also well known for his discovery of latent heat, the heat required to convert a solid into a liquid or vapor, or a liquid into a vapor, without change of temperature. Latent heat was con be expressed in two ways: the heat can be absorbed if the change involves solid to liquid or liquid to gas or the heat can be released if the change involves gas to liquid or liquid to solid. Black took this idea and developed “specific heat”, in which is defined as the measured amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by a specified number of degrees.
"entropy •n." The Concise Oxford Dictionary. Ed. Judy Pearsall. Oxford University Press, 2001. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. McGill University (Nylink). 25 Apr 2004.
Kinetic energy is a measure of how fast molecules are moving at any given moment. Kinetic energy can be affected by temperature change, as can many other parts of a reaction are. The higher the temperature is, the higher the kinetic energy becomes. An increase in kinetic energy can affect the speed of a reaction that is taking place by increasing the speed of the molecules movement. Kinetic energy is also changed by the air pressure, which temperature can also affect; the higher the pressure and temperature are, the higher the kinetic energy and therefore the faster the reaction happens. Kinetic energy can also affect temperature; when kinetic energy increases so does temperature. This happens because chemical reactions can either be endothermic or exothermic. When a reaction is endothermic, kinetic energy becomes potential energy, meaning heat is absorbed and that temperature has an effect on kinetic energy. On the other hand, when a reac...
An open system, like our Earth, is one that has no boundary, or whose boundary allows the passing of both energy and/or matter. The Earth receives solar energy in the form of visible light and infrared radiation. Without this energy, photosynthesis would not be carried out, nor would Earth be a habitable planet. The surface temperature would drop below the average temperature of 287 Kelvin creating a frozen Earth. There would be little to no atmospheric circulation; the only life would be found near deep hydrothermal vents. Since the Earth is an open system, it also needs to release energy. As the Earth takes in visible and infrared light from the sun, it also releases infrared light to prevent overheating (Breiterman, 2005). When deniers of evolution argue that the second law of thermodynamics strictly says “everything goes from order to disorder,” it is often not taken into account that, even if the Earth were to be a closed system, as one thing increases its entropic state another area of the system will decrease its entropy. (Morris, 1973).
Every chemical element or compound have specific properties that make them different than the other. However, these properties help us to understand every element or compound in which they can be used and how we can deal with them. These properties can be chemical properties which are defined as "that property must lead to a change in the substances ' chemical structure", such as heat of combustion and flammability ("Physical and Chemical…"). Also, these properties can be physical properties which are defined as the properties "that can be measured or observed without changing the chemical nature of the substance", such as mass, volume, boiling and freezing points ("Physical and Chemical…"). These two properties are related to each other. For
Also, I will know what a chemical and physical property is and I will know how to find them out. Materials = == == ==
Finding Out Which Fuel Releases the Most Energy Per Gram. Aim: To be able to Find out which fuel releases the most energy per gram. Scientific Theory: What is the Science of Heat is the transfer of energy between two objects due to a temperature. The sand is a sand.
Conduction is the process by which heat is transferred from on solid to another. When a solid is heated the molecules inside, which are normally almost static, start to vibrate. When another solid is brought into contact with the heated solid the energy from the vibrating molecules at the edge of the heated solid is transferred to the outer molecules of the other solid.
Thermodynamics is the branch of science concerned with the nature of heat and its conversion to any form of energy. In thermodynamics, both the thermodynamic system and its environment are considered. A thermodynamic system, in general, is defined by its volume, pressure, temperature, and chemical make-up. In general, the environment will contain heat sources with unlimited heat capacity, allowing it to give and receive heat without changing its temperature. Whenever the conditions change, the thermodynamic system will respond by changing its state; the temperature, volume, pressure, or chemical make-up will adjust accordingly in order to reach its original state of equilibrium.
Heat is thermal energy being transferred from one place to another, because of temperature changes. This can take place by three processes. These three processes are known as conduction, convection, and radiation.
The history of chemistry dates back to the time of ancient history to now. Ancient civilizations used technologies that would eventually form the basis of the various branches of chemistry by 1000 BC. For example, they were extracting chemicals from plants to make medicines. The history of chemistry is intertwined with the history of thermodynamics. Chemistry is very important to our world today. Without it, we wouldn’t be near as advanced as we are. Let’s take scientists for example. The scientists at St. Jude children’s research hospital; everyday they are working to find the cure to various types of cancer by mixing different chemicals and making various compounds to somehow help all the children with the big C word today. Chemistry plays a big role in things we would never think of.
Spectroscopy basically involves the study of the interaction of radiated energy with matter. These different radiations could be used to study chemical and physical material properties of different atoms. Colors of light differ in wavelength and energies and when they interact with matter, the light is either scattered, reflected, transmitted, absorbed, reflected or fluorescence. The interaction makes vibrational, electronic or nuclear changes in energy levels. This difference between energy levels includes a range of electromagnetic spectrum. Types of electromagnetic radiation include gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwaves and radio wave. Energies, wavelengths, frequencies, or wave number can be used to describe the radiations.
Environmental science refers to the study of the effects that occur through natural and unnatural processes. The study involves the interactions of the Earth’s physical components that take place on the environment. Notably, the natural environment consists of all existing and non-existing things that exist on the planet. Full ecological systems that operate as natural practices without requiring the intervention of human beings are also included in the environment. Furthermore, physical units such as animals, vegetation, rocks, microorganisms, natural phenomena, and atmosphere usually occur within the boundaries of the environment (Altman and Wohlwill 113). Although the environment embraces natural resources and physical phenomena that need clear limits, it is worth noting that renewable and non-renewable energy resource is an environmental science topic that should receive top priority next year due to various reasons.