Recently, in the Journal of Rheumatology in an interesting discussion concerning the application of ESR and CRP (C-reactive protein) appeared inaccurate information about the history of the discovery of ESR. Crowson, Rahman and Matteson in the article (1) and later in the discussion (2) suggested that the discovery of ESR occurred in the 20s of the last century. However, the discovery was not made in the 20s of the Twentieth Century, but at the end of the Nineteenth Century. For the sake of the highest standards of the discussion, in all its aspects, we would like to remind that the discoverer of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was a Polish physician Faustyn Edmund Biernacki (1866-1911) (3,4,5,6,7). He announced the discovery in 1897 in two articles simultaneously: one written in Polish in Gazeta Lekarska (4) and the second in German in the Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (5). It is also possible to identify, as an important historical fact, the exact day of Biernacki’s discovery. Shortly before the publication of works describing ESR, on the 22nd of June 1897 during a meeting of the Warsaw Medical Society Biernacki presented five most important conclusions from his observations (6,7). These conclusions were as follows: blood sedimentation rate and volume of residue produced is different in different individuals; blood with small amounts of blood cells sediments faster; blood sedimentation rate depends on the level of “fibrynogens” in the blood plasma; during the course of febrile diseases (rheumatic fever included) with large amounts of plasma fibrinogen the ESR is increased, and in the defibrinated blood the sedimentation process is slower. The findings presented by Biernacki clearly show the clinical significance of th...
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...Medica Scandinavica and in the same year 1921. Biernacki on the other hand presented his discovery in German and Polish more than twenty years before. Therefore, is it possible that in the scientists noted only the reports of the discovery presented in English and in one magazine? Or is it just an oversight resulting from an insufficient scientific knowledge about (or of?) historical facts? In order to maintain the highest standards of scientific reliability the “ESR test” should be named by specifying the method used e.g. Westergren’s ESR test method. The ESR test was discovered by Biernacki, and Westergren’s achievement was the development of a new laboratory technique. We postulate that in the scientific reports in which there is a historical aspect of the introduction of the ESR test (even if only as a reference), Biernacki’s discovery was not overlooked.
Three hundred and thirty-four years later in the future, Carl Landsteiner, a Viennese doctor, performed a very simple experiment with blood in 1901. During his experiment, Landsteiner noticed "clotting in some samples of mixed blood and not others". (Tucker, 10) Landsteiner separated his samples into three groups: A, B, and C, according to how they clotted in his experiment. Today, the blood type C is known as type O blood. When Landsteiner was grouping these blood types, he happened to look over type AB. AB occurs in about 3 percent of the population. Later in 1907, two researchers, Jan Jansky in Czechoslovakia and William Lorenzo Moss in the United
P3 – Describe the investigations that are carried out to enable the diagnosis of these physiological disorders
In 1931 the first case of Wegener’s Disease was discovered by Heinz Klinger, a German medical student (although it was not known as Wegener’s Disease at that time). It was not until several years later in 1936, that three more cases were discovered. A German pathologist, Friedrich Wegener described and found this disorder as a distinct form of Vasculitis, a rare blood vessel inflammation that since the 1950’s has been called Wegener’s Disease Granulomatosis. (http://www.hopkinsvasculitis.org/types-vasculitis/wegeners-granulomatosis/2016)
Environment, dietary and lifestyle factors play a big role in how rheumatic heart disease is spread. Most developing countries have a higher percentage of people how suffer from rheumatic heart disease because the poor state of the environment they inhabit. Dietary factors can play a role only due to insanitary condition in which food is made not due to the amount of food eaten due the fact that RHD is caused by a bacteria. Lifestyle factors contribute to rheumatic heart disease because most people do not tend to or treat minor cuts they might have had. This article will be about the communication between the cardiovascular system and immune systems and how rheumatic heart disease affects the two.
Source 10 is mainly aimed at an audience of an older mature group both male and female who particularly take an interest in science and history as the article has been printed in “Science Today” .
It was suspected, but not proven, that the deaths of 18 Belgium and Dutch world-class cyclists may have been linked to erythropoietin-induced RBC growth.
Erythrocytes are naturally a biconcave disc, which results in a larger membrane surface to volume ratio than a sphere shaped disc. These cells have the strength and flexibility needed to survive for 120 days in circulation. Their peripheral proteins stabilize the membrane and are responsible for their shape. These proteins include sprectrin, actin, ankryn, and band-4-protein. Peripheral proteins are attached to the red blood cell (RBC) membrane. Ankyrin-1 stabilizes the membrane by linking beta spectrin to band-3. The band-3-protein is part of the integral membrane and functions as an anion exchanger, glucose transporter, and water channel (Hamasaki, 1999).
Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2012). The cardiovascular system: The blood. In B. Roesch (Ed.),
RBC membrane disorders consist of HS where it is identified by the diversity in clinic and laboratory which is also revealed by recent molecular studies. A mutation is found in one of the spherocytosis genes causing erythrocyte membrane defects. The Laparoscopic approach has been one of the new surgical procedures for splenectomy for the treatment of HS. Partial splenectomy is done in children to avoid post-splenectomy sepsis. The latest management helps in understanding the protocol of splenectomy and suggest a meticulous discussion between the patient, the family and the healthcare provider. Hereditary Spherocytosis (HS) or Minkowski–Chauffard syndrome is a genetic familial haemolytic condition which causes defects in the internal cytoskeleton of erythrocytes membrane leading to anaemia. The cells have sphere-like shape instead of bi-concave lacking flexibility; hence it becomes more susceptible to haemolysis as they cannot pass through the vessels without changing their shapes. According tothe genetic defect is caused by the heterogeneous modification in one of the six genes, which encodes for the protein involved in vertical associations that tie the cell membrane skeleton to the lipid-bilayer. The erythrocyte membrane skeleton defects are responsible for different hereditary haemolytic anaemia’s associated with the abnormal shape of the erythrocytes. Haemoglobin is released due to haemolysis. There are more reticulocytes present in the circulation and bone marrow tries to produce more RBC than usual in order to prevent anaemia
The interest in studying Rhesus disease stems from an aspiration to understand blood and its’ components at a cellular level. In order to recognize what factors lead to this disease and what components of the cell can be used as indicators/markers to diagnose it, one must have a general idea of the concepts involved in cellular processes. This paper will focus on the causes of hemolytic disease, including natural and/or surgical & medicinal occurrences that cause isoimmunization; how antigens and antibodies are involved, and the effectiveness of Rh immunoglobulin will also be considered.
Print. The. Ferinad Puretz, Max. True Science, Review of Peter Medawar, Advice to a Young Scientist. N. p. :
.... Lister had the work of Pasteur and Crooks from which to form his own hypothesis. Ignaz Semmelweis drew his assumption from pure scientific observation and experimentation. Although I do feel that Semmelweis has not received the recognition he deserves, I still believe that all three men, Semmelweis, Pasteur and Lister, were revolutionary scientists whose world-changing discoveries will not soon be forgotten.
Rodak, B. F., Fritsma, g. A., & Doig, K. (2007). Hematology: Clinical Principles and applications. St. louis: Saunders Elsevier.
In 1934, artificially produced radioisotopes were discovered by Frédéric Joliot-Curie and Irène Joliot-Curie, which was considered the most significant milestone Nuclear Medicine has achieved to historians. 1
In this particular discussion we will be comparing the different blood groups and how they are structured in preventing complications.