Environmental Issues:
A little bit of a background
Impact on water
Pulp and paper is a heavy industry that involves the use of large amounts of water. It also results in an enormous amount of effluents that contains suspended solids in the untreated effluent. Table () shows the amount of untreated effluent with their corresponding suspended solids (kg/t) and BOD (kg/t). Suspended solids mainly consist of unprocessed wood parts, additives or coating material. Increased suspended solids in waterbeds causes elevated levels of BOD and hydrogen sulphide. Elevated levels of BOD affect the already dissolved oxygen in the water, causing anaerobic decomposition to some substances in the water which are a source of food for most of the aquatic life.
Pulp and Paper Process Untreated Effluent Flow (m3/t) Suspended solids (Kg/t) BOD (kg/t)
Unbleached Kraft pulp 10-100 5-50 5-25
Bleached Kraft pulp 100-240 35-60 30-50
Newsprint mill (Sulphite) 20-150 10-50 40-80
Sulphite without recovery 150-300 10-50 50-80
Natural sulphite semi chemical 10-100 5-25 5-50
It is important to note that the newer technologies used in the pulp and paper industry, have significantly decreased the volumes of waste water, suspended solids and BOD5 resulted from the process. The following table () shows the substantial improvements to the industry in recent years.
Process Parameter Suspended solids (Kg/t) BOD (kg/t) Untreated Effluent Flow (m3/t)
Older technologies
Wood preparation 20 10 20
Unbleached kraft 30 50 160
Bleached kraft 60 60 200 mechanical pulping 20 20 60
Paper making 30 10 100
Newer technologies
Wood preparation 1 0.5 5
Unbleached kraft 10 15 50
Bleached kraft 10 30 80
Mechanical pulping 15 20 20
Paper making 10 5 30
However, even with t...
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...e done to allow a buffer zone around the plant to allow for the protection of the habitat.
Impact on land uses and activities
Despite, the fact that the pulp and paper industry socially and economically boosts the direct area were the plant is operating, there is a much more dangerous social, environmental and economic impacts on other areas. In addition to that, operating a pulp and paper plant could alter the present activities, heritage and land use in the region. When constructing a new
Pros
Energy Efficiency in the Raw Material Preparation:
Energy Efficiency Measures in chemical pulping:
- Kraft Pulping:
- Bleaching
- Chemical Recovery
Energy Efficiency measure in Mechanical Pulping:
Water Efficiency Measures:
- Establish a water management system
- Process-Related Water Efficiency Measures
Dry Debarking
Improving white water quality
Mechanical pump seals
Shortleaf Pine (Pinus echinata) and Pulp and Lumber Production. Introduction Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) is commercially one of the four most important conifers in the southeastern United States. In fact, shortleaf pine has the widest range of all southern pines, spreading from Florida to New Jersey and from North Carolina to Oklahoma. Sidney Investments, a firm based in Dallas, Texas, is considering the purchase of a 360-acre parcel of forested land located in the Quachita Mountains of eastern Oklahoma. This land has been under timber production through one rotation to this point.
...urkholder, J., Libra, B., Weyer, P., Heathcote, S., Kolpin, D., Thorne, P., et al. (2007). Impacts of waste from concentrated animal feeding operations on water quality. Environmental Health Perspectives, 11(2), 308–312. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1817674/pdf/ehp0115-000308.pdf
to this rigid structure of the plants and so, it is very useful as a
dropped, it makes it easier for the ecosystem to maintain a balance that the wildlife can survive
This paper will present an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) of a proposed construction project of a new recycling center in a rural area. The proposed project is to be built in a nonattainment area. The EIS will address land-use and development, social and neighborhood effects, economic factors, air quality, noise, and water resources as it relates to the proposed project. Included in the process will be three alternatives as well as a no build alternative. The Environmental Impact Statement will provide a detailed scoping of the project along with the alternatives that will ensure all potential impacts are addressed prior to project approval.
All throughout the Central Valley, one thing that is a common sight is the numerous manufacture buildings. Thanks to manufacture buildings, mass amounts of goods are able to be produce in a faster amount of time. With these beneficial buildings, however, come cons as well. On
Maintaining a balance between urban development and natural systems is essential to ensure that, for example, soils are still able to buffer potential contaminants or that ground stability is sustainable for buildings and infrastructure. The land in 1867 was mostly being used for agricultural as farming was key to the primary industry. In 1916 the residential business has increased rapidly as an increase in human activity has resulted in a need for new homes. Then in this present day the industrial industry took a rapid boost as machinery was needed to provide a safe, efficient transport link (hub) for civilians.
...r capability and convenience. Forests also control the natural balance. People should be made aware of it. Mills, factories, brick-fields should be set up in a very good planned way. There should be well drainage system to pass away waste materials, wastages and poisonous chemicals.
That is, the conservation of selected plants and animals in se¬lected areas outside their natural habitat is known as ex-situ con¬servation. The stresses on living organisms due to competition for food, water, space etc. can be avoided by ex-situ conservation there by providing conditions necessary for a secure life and breeding. Such strategies include establishment of botanical gardens, zoos, conservation strands and gene, pollen seed, seedling, tissue culture and DNA
What are the pollutants involved? 4. What are the consequences? Write in detail consequences on the Environment, on local people and the economy of the country. 5.
The manner by which the environment is being harmed is much different now than it was in the 1400's. Production byproducts rather than the actual production are the cause of current environmental degradation. However, economic analysis has proven that environmental protection is a normal good. A normal good or service in economic terms means that the demand for such items increases as income increases. As such, for the sake of the poor as well as the environment, policy makers with the aim of environmental protection should also consider their effects on the resulting, generally decreased level of production.
The basic process of making paper has not changed in more than 2000 years. It involves two stages: the breaking up of raw materials in water to make a suspension of individual fibbers and the formation of felted sheets by spreading this suspension on a porous surface, to drain excess water. The essential steps of papermaking by machine are identical with those of hand papermaking just much more complex. The first step in machine papermaking is the preparation of the raw material. For centuries, the main raw materials used in papermaking were cotton and linen fibbers obtained from rags. Today more than 95 percent of paper is made from wood cellulose. Wood is used mainly for the cheapest grades of paper, such as newsprint. Cotton and linen fibbers are still used for high quality writing and artist’s papers. Many kinds of wood can be used such as aspen, beach, birch fir, gum, hemlock, oak, pine, and spruce.
No one can deny the basic human need for housing. And no one can deny that any advanced culture requires a great deal of paper to transact its daily business. However, one must also recognize the importance of forests in and of themselves. We must fight against deforestation and international community must also introduce stricter policies to stop deforestation. 1) First, we will talk about the effects of deforestation and why it's a problem. 2) Second, we will learn about the many causes of deforestation. 3) Lastly, we will cover how to solve this problem.
As humanity develops new technology, the magnitude and severity of waste increases. When computers were developed, it widely was believed that the need for paper would be eliminated. On the contrary this was widely proven false and we are now utilizing more paper than ever. Canada is not an exception as the typical Canadian generates an average of three pounds of solid waste each day1. This alone shows what a careless species we have become- using and disposing materials without even considering the damage we are causing. With half a trillion tones of waste around the world, only 25% may be reused for a second or third time and less than 5% can be renewed limitlessly1. These facts are true only in developed countries. Since these traditional waste reduction methods have been proven inefficient, we must endorse new innovative technology to arrive at a solution.
Environmental health has been a very important issue to talk about internationally these days. We, human beings are leading the earth toward its edge unconsciously. We are using natural resource more than we give to the Mother Nature. Day by Day, people are aware of what damage they do the environment, but they do not care of fixing this damage. In a very simple step, the road of a better healthy environment will begin; recycling is the best idea that illustrate the previous point. To Andrew Roper, recycling is the conversion of waste products into new materials, such as waste paper that can be converts into new paper goods (n.d). There are many types of recycling, for example, there are glass, paper, metal, plastics, textiles and electronics recycling (Evans , 2011). This research will focus on recycling papers in the United Arab Emirates, the benefits or recycling and its effect on the environment, the difficulties of recycling, the process of recycling paper, and the finals products of recycling.