Population growth and increasing demands for food are the major factors to maximize the use of available resources. Water is a vital element of production and industry. Modernization of irrigation techniques has resulted in development of irrigated fields to increase agricultural products .Despite arable area in the semi- arid and amount of enhanced production but some crop land faced water table and salinity problems .Drainage installation whether subsurface or surface with different types can be an appropriate option to manage water table and salinity. Nowadays, planner reattempted to develop drainage systems using modern techniques and advanced. However, the introduction of drainage operation has conserved or improved millions of hectares of land for cultivation. (oghli, 2009) reported the drain water result from subsurface drainage system has low water quality. To minimize the detrimental effects of drain in the short-term and long-term on the environment, crop production is important. In the other word, improvement of certain land leads to accumulation of salt deposits at another place. Examples are the environmental problems created by disposal of drainage effluent polluted with salts, nitrates, herbicides, pesticides, or harmful minor elements. (Elgohary et al, 2012) has evaluated the environmental impacts of drainage water in Egypt and reported that the project had 54.55% positive impacts, 10.00% no impacts and 35.45% negative impacts. (mojatab akaram et al, 2013) presented the environmental problems mainly are due to the high volume of very poor quality drainage water. They also stated that in the past decades, laterals drain depths were selected to be around 2.0m in Khuzestan. Drainage operation in the future will be environmental issues .Therefore , The main cause in behind this choice was the risk of resalinization of the soils after drainage operation . (Lubbe, 2008) reported that there is a lot of prejudice against drainage schemes exists which does not make its development easy. Cited research is articulated that biodiversity is decreasing through the impact of drainage, hence it should be stopped. (Don Bennett et al, 2002) researched that the environmental impacts of subsurface drainage are low with extremely low rates of phosphorus (<0.6 kg/ha/yr, <0.01 mg/L) exported which indicates subsurface drainage on clay textured surface and subsurface soils could actually reduce net phosphorus export.
Most of water consumed in China is not rationally used. The cause which intensifies the water shortage in China is water inefficient use. For instance, 65%-70% of Chinese water usage is spent on agricultural needs, but more than half of this amount evaporates percolates and loses (Roberts 2009). Besides, majority of another 20%-25% which is occupied by China’s industry is not recycled (Brown 2008a, 16; Roberts 2009). Obviously, improving water distribution technologies and management quality can be one of the options to reduce the water scarcity in China. There are many different methods of improving the water distribution efficiency. Firstly, irrigation technologies should be improved. Farmers in China may use drip and shrink irrigation methods instead of traditional “surface” ones such as furrow and flood irrigation. Drip irrigation method is used mostly in arid and semi-arid zones and it increases the efficiency of irrigation by transporting the water directly to the roots of irrigated plant. The emitters sprinkle the soil under the roots with water which is introduced to the plant by pipes, diminishing water evaporation, deep percolation and leak. In contrast, fur...
The problem of water shortage is one of the major limiting factors in food production and agriculture development in the arid and semi arid regions. Reclaimed water is one of the most significant available water resources that shall be consumed in agriculture and urban landscape maintenance. In order to investigate the impact of water quality and its application method on olive trees this experiment was carried out during 2010-2012 in the semiarid central part of Iran on young olive trees. The trees were irrigated by a new subsurface-leaky irrigation (SLI) system and surface irrigation in line with irrigation with recycle and clean water for 24 months. The results revealed that SLI system could enhance trees growth, leaf area, Fv/Fm and photosynthesis by68, 26, 4 and 42% respectively, although it decreased leaves soluble sugars (47%). In addition, irrigating trees by SLI system using reclaimed water could increase N and Mg uptake 138 and 8% respectively. Plants irrigated with RW showed improved growth (42%) leaf area26% and photosynthesis 23.4% compared with CL water. Furthermore Mg, Na, K, P and N surprisingly increase 12, 59, 30, 7, and 92 % respectively in leaf tissue in application recycle water. In overall, this experiment showed that recycled water could be a favorable resource for olive trees irrigation and SLI irrigation system was more efficient in irrigation in this research.
The idea of retrofitting suds into existing developments was introduced to tackle the problems assiocated with traditional drainage systems which were designed to convey stormwater from the devlopents to receiving enviorments as quickily as possible to minimize flooding at the development. These however cause enviormental problems in receiving enviorments
“Like a man who has been dying for many days, a man in your city is numb to the stench.” -Chief Seattle
The dam sparked concerns about negative effects from Egyptian engineers and international scientists. Many of the environmental concerns surrounding the Aswan Dam are consistent with the problems that were discussed in Environmental Management lecture and in the book “The Global Casino.” There were worries about erosion, sediment deposition, and heavy flooding if the rivers floo...
United Nations Environment Programme. Environment, Sustainable Development and the Nile River Basin. N.p.: United Nations Environment Programme, n.d. Case Study 1. United Nations Environmental Programme. Web. 3 May 2014.
The growth in agricultural demand has created one of the most accountable geological impacts on Earth. In both modern and ancient times, irrigation systems have diverted water from naturally occuring sources into irrigation rivers, such as the Aral Sea and Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers. This forces the disappearance
Water being the most important and valuable resource available to us on earth, covering most of the earth surface. Water is the essence of life & is required for life by the humans & the environment. With a growing population of earth, water may be misused or taken for granted by most of us which leads us to water pollution, which not only does harm our water bodies & natural environment, but eventually our drinking water & our human health. In todays world, we have changed the way our industries work, our Agricultural processes & basically everything that works. We as a society want everything to be faster, efficient & making more profit, whilst harming the environment. Industrial & Agricultural work involve the use of many different chemicals
Today's waters are constantly being treated like sewage dumps or trash cans. We use them as garbage cans every day polluting the water more and more. "Pollution is often by way of rivers, drains and outflow pipes." Causing an outflow of sewage into our ocean waters. This is not only affecting the community but also the marine life and other sea creatures living in the ocean." This pollution includes human sewage and domestic waste water, factory outflows of acids and poisonous metals, engine oil from roadside drains and garages, farm chemicals washed off the land by rain, building-site rubble, nuclear waste from power plants, and oil from wells, refineries, and tankers." Stating that most of today's waste is from factory or factory ran products that shouldn't be polluting the water
lines, rope, and plastic nets are being caught in the rutter and the engine, but
Continuing population growth is significantly reducing per capita water availability and increasing industrialization and urbanization. Due to industrialization and urbanization, it is becoming more polluted and risk of this polluted water consumption and its sanitation problem is increasing day to day in most of the developing countries. Climate change is exerting additional, chronic strains on water resources, potentially shifting
Safe water and sanitation as a basic human right, household water treatment, rainwater harvesting ... and reports from Kyoto, Madagascar, Uzbekistan, Guinea and other countries around the world.
As in any river valley, Egypt’s geographical surroundings and environment provided benefits and difficulties. One feature that greatly affected Egypt was the Nile River. This river flooded at a specific time annually, giving the Egyptians time to prepare. On the other hand, when the floodwater rose a few feet higher than normal, it destroyed homes and farms. If it was lower than usual, the fertile soil and water regularly deposited would be minimized causing a great decrease in crops which lead to starvation. But, when the level of floodwater was ordinary, the fertile soil allowed them to grow successful farms. The Nile Delta, an area of marshy land by the mouth of the river also received a deposit of silt or fertile black mud. Furthermore,
For years wastewater has been a vital topic that hits the heart of many environmentalist. Wastewater is a very broad topic with many different ways to come about it. In recent years water has been a recurring topic due to droughts, oil spills, pollution and waste. Protection of wastewater and potable water is key to the survival of the human race.
The article evaluates the efficiency, effectiveness, social, economic and environmental impacts of the drip irrigation system. The drip irrigation system has the potential to increase the agricultural productivity and also to reduce water usage required for irrigation. It is a system of pipes and tubing located under the soil. Water is passed through these pipes which end at near the roots of the plants. This makes the water loss minimal. Initial stage is designing the system and its installation follows it. The article states the advantages and disadvantages of the system and also cites evidence with regard to the social, economic and environmental aspects.