Introduction:
The research study my group and I examined was titled, “Endurance and Strength Training Effects on Physiological and Muscular Parameters during Prolonged Cycling.” This study done by Hausswirth et. all was published in 2010 in the Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology.
When performing in a triathlon, which consists of swimming, cycling, and running in a single continuous event, it is generally accepted throughout the exercise science community, that “over performing” during the cycling stage by increasing ones cadence or aerobic power, could hinder the running portion of the triathlon that follows (Hausswirth). In order to help triathletes in avoiding this potential problem, the researchers set the purpose of the experiment as follows:
“The purpose of this experiment is to compare the effects of a regime of maximal strength training in combination with a usual endurance training programme with an endurance only training programme on the physiological and muscular parameters during a 2-hr constant cycling test in well-trained triathletes.” Their hypothesis was that in a 5 week period of training, the changes in the cycling cadence would be lesser in the endurance and strength training group versus the endurance only training group.
The specific parameters in which the researchers observed in this particular study include: Electromyography (EMG) of the Vastus Lateralis (VL) and Rectus Femoris (RF), isometric voluntary contraction values, and cycling cadence.
EMG is the recording of the electrical activity of the muscle. The most accurate type of EMG is an intramuscular EMG. For this type of EMG, a fine needle is inserted into the muscle. This will recorded the electrical activity of that muscle during r...
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..., have a greater number of participants, and cite more current research on the topic.
Bibliography
Chriswell, Elanor. (2011) Cram’s Introduction to Surface Electromyography Second Edition. Retrieved from http://books.google.com
"Electromyography (EMG)." (n.d) Johns Hopkins Medicine. Retrieved from: http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/test_procedures/neurological/electromyog raphy_emg_92,P07656/
Merritt, April. (2011). Understanding VT1 and VT2. American Council on Exercise. Retrieved from: http://www.acefitness.org/blog/1165/understanding-vt1-and-vt2
Schwartzstein, R.M, Parker, M.J. (2006). Respiratory Physiology: A Clinical Approach. Baltimore, MD. Lippincott Williams & Williams.
“Triathlon Participation, Growth Trends, and Demographics.” (April 2013). USA Triathlon. Retrieved from: http://www.usatriathlon.org/about-multisport/demographics.aspx
Another weakness in the experimental design was that the reliability of the experiment was very low. As each test subject was only tested against each amount of prior exercise once, the impact of random errors is likely very large, which can be seen by the spread of the data on the graph. Although, this was attempted to be rectified by averaging the results of all four test subjects, it does not improve reliability too much. Conclusion: The results of this investigation indicated that a relationship between the amount of prior exercise and muscle fatigue does exist, however the results are also not conclusive enough to speculate on what the relationship is. This means that the hypothesis “If the amount of time spent performing vigorous exercise prior to the set of repetitions increases, then the physical performance (number of repetitions) will decrease” cannot be supported or rejected due to the inconclusive data.
The production of physical movement in humans requires a close interaction between the central nervous system (CNS) and the skeletal muscles. Understanding the interaction behind the mechanisms of these two forces, and how they are activated to provide the smooth coordinated movements (such as walking or picking up a pencil) of everyday life is essential to the study of motor control. Skeletal muscles require the activation of compartmental motor units that generate their own action potentials, and produce a voltage force within the muscle fibers that can be detected and recorded with the use of a electromyography (EMG). Therefore, the purpose of this lab was to determine the differences between the timing of force production
In this lab, we explored the theory of maximal oxygen consumption. “Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is defined as the highest rate at which oxygen can be taken up and utilized by the body during severe exercise” (Bassett and Howley, 2000). VO2max is measured in millimeters of O2 consumed per kilogram of body weight per min (ml/kg/min). It is commonly known as a good way to determine a subject’s cardio-respiratory endurance and aerobic fitness level. Two people whom are given the same aerobic task (can both be considered “fit”) however, the more fit individual can consume more oxygen to produce enough energy to sustain higher, intense work loads during exercise. The purpose of this lab experiment was performed to determine the VO2max results of a trained vs. an untrained participant to see who was more fit.
Muscle endurance is the ability to perform a lot of repetitions against a given resistance for a long period of time. The combination of strength and endurance results in muscle endurance. Muscle endurance is used in may sports such as rowing, swimming, cycling, distance running, field hockey and American football. Normally, an endurance muscle program involves lifting about 12-25 repetitions of moderate loads. In some cases, this is inadequate for many sports such as boxing, canoeing and x-cross skiing.
A high degree of aerobic training such as small-sided games, continuous running and interval running may be needed to reach the desired level of aerobic fitness. This test should be implemented again in the middle of pre-season training (to see if training alterations are needed) and at the end of pre-season training (to see if goals are reached). As well as this, trainers can compare results to V02 max score equivalents which is the gold-standard indicator of aerobic fitness. (Mackenzie, no date)
...xercise carbohydrate availability on selection and perception of effort during prolonged cycling. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 98(1), 62-70. doi: 10.1007/s00421-006-0243-4
In conclusion, this lab was performed to see if various electrical stimulations and workload weights had an effect on different types frog muscles. This lab is crucial to real world applications because muscles are present in every living organism – and mainly beneficial to humans. There are many different types of muscles containing a range of functions that are crucial to movement in the human body that we use from day to day. Doing this lab informed people that the greater number of muscle fibers a muscle contains that responses to a stimulus will lead to a greater strength of contraction. This lab showed which muscles are the most important to movement and why muscle twitch/contractions occur.
In order to fully understand the impact and effect of overtraining, defining and establishing the difference of what overtraining is from other conditions, such as overreaching, is necessary. Overtraining is defined as the accumulation of both training and non-training stresses producing a long-term effect on the athlete’s performance capacity, with or without physical and psychological overtraining signs and symptoms in which recovery of the performance capacity will take weeks to months (Halson, 2004 p. 969). Overreaching, however, is defined by the accumulation of training and non-training stresses with a short-term effect on the a...
Duncan et al,(23) assessed the criterion validity between quadriceps maximal voluntary isometric contraction, (MVIC) and 5XSTS, found a correlation of r2 = 0.548. The MDC for 5XSTS has not been established in PD population however, the MDC for healthy community dwellers is 4.2 sec.(25) During the 5XSTS, a standard chair was used (chair height 43cm) with no armrest. Each participant completed a single STS to demonstrate understanding of the test. The participants completed one trial of this test under the supervision of the researchers.
...e theories on how to apply these laws may differ but the results are clear. World record times are being lowered more than ever. Perfecting technique and training methods are evolving to an ever-changing sport. For example, Brooke Bennett's coach "use(s) a set of 10 x 300 meter swims with 20 seconds rest, during which period the swimmers take their pulse and (he) record(s) their times and heart rates. The swims are done at a consistent level of effort with the swimmers instructed to maintain the highest possible heart rate" (Banks, 1997). This method can be done to achieve anaerobic threshold. Another method to achieve this is hypoxic training in which the swimmer controls how often they breath, usually only a couple of times for each 25 meters. Once both the stroke technique and the training methods are optimal for swimmer then the swimming is at its best.
Every athlete must be able to sustain balance and stability. An athlete’s loss of stability can have a negative effect on their ability to
The many benefits of bike riding are open to all people who are willing to give it a try. You can go cycling alone or in a group. For a location, you can be on straight streets or down rocky hills. And for your ride, you can use your brand new two-wheeler or your old reliable frame. Whatever your preferences are, these will never change the fact that going places on your bike contributes to a healthier lifestyle.
Participants who volunteered for this study (6 males and 5 females) were between 18 and 65 years of age. All were well versed in the use of a stationary bike, defined by having exercised on a stationary bike at least 10 times in the six months prior to the study. The participants ...
[3] H. S. Milner-Brown, R. B. Stein, and R. Yemm. "The Orderly Recruitment of Human Motor Units during Voluntary Isometric Contractions." The Physiological Society 230th ser. (1973): 359-70. Web. 22 May 2014.
The significance of this topic is that it will identify how interval training (a form of exercise training, consisting of alternating work/rest intervals) can improve aerobic power also known as VO2 max (how much oxygen is consumed per minute), and anaerobic power (max power achieved during short high intensity) in a professional sporting team (Davis, Vodak & Wilmore et al. (1976. In addition to this, this paper will explain how an exercise physiologist can improve these two powers through interval training in sporting teams such as soccer and what will be required to achieve an improved aerobic and anaerobic power through interval training.