The general classification of Endocrine and Metabolic Agents is for drugs that treat condition and disease of the Endocrine System and Metabolic processes. The subclassifications include Bisphosphonates; inhibit bone resorption, Thyroid Drugs; treats thyroid conditions, and Antidiabetic Agents; lower blood glucose. Bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. There are many drugs that treat osteoporosis but here are some. Actonel (risedronates sodium) tablets treat osteociastmedinted bone resorption and modulates bone metabolism. Actonel is an oral administration that comes in 5, 30, 35, 75, or 150 mg. Aredia (pamidronate) injection treat patients with moclerate to severe Paget’s disease of bone. Aredia is an intravenous administration available in 30 or 90 mg vials, lyophilized pamidronate disodium and 375 mg and 470 mg of mannitol USP. Aredia is a member of the group of chemical compound known as bisphosphonate. Boniva (ibandronate) tablets treats and prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal woman. Boniva is an oral administration available in a white, oblong film coated 20 or 150 mg tablets. Fosamax (alendronates) tablets are indicated for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal woman. Fosamax is an oral administration tablets available in 5, 10, 35, and 40 mg. Prolia (denosumab) injection treat postmenopausal woman with osteoporosis at high risk. Prolia comes in a 60 mg strength form. Each 1 ml single-use dose prefilled syringe of Prolia contains 60 mg denosumab. Thyroid Drugs are hormones used in the treatment of thyroid conditions such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and cancer. Here are some drugs that are classified as thyroid drugs. Synthroid (levothyroid sodium) tablets are used to treat hypothyroidism. Synthroid is an oral administration that comes in 25, 50, 75, 88, 100, 112, 125, 150, 175, 200, and 300 mcg tablets. Synthroid tablets 25- 50ug PO qd dose is ion micrograms, not milligrams. Armour (thyroid desiccated) thyroid tablets are used in a natural preparation derived from porcine thyroid glands and it has a strong odor. The starting dose is 30 mg, but it comes in 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, and 300 mg tablets. Cytomel (liothyroinine sodium) tablets treats as replacement or supplemental therapy in patients with hypothyroidism. Cytomel comes in many strength like 5, 25, 50 mcg. Antidiabetic Agents used to lower blood glucose levels in treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetic mellitus. Type 1 is insulin dependent diabetes (IDDM), type 2 is noninsulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM). There are multiple drugs that treat hypertension and here are some of them.
Scheen AJ. Antidiabetic agents in subjects with mild dysglycaemia: Prevention or early treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes and Metabolism. 2007;33:3-12.
Medications used to treat hypothyroidism consist of armour, proloid, synthroid, cytomel and euthroid (Dellipizzi-Citardi, 2011, p.59). Armour is a thyroid tablet consisting of extracts of the thyroid gland. Proloid is also known as thyroglobulin, which consists of purified extracts of a pig’s thyroid. Another name for synthroid is levothyroxine sodium. Cytomel is also referred to as liothyronine sodium. Lastly, euthroid is called liotrex. (Dellipizzi-Citardi, 2011, p.59). Some side effects of these medications are angina and arrhythmias. One nursing implication for these medications is administering a single dose before breakfast with a full glass of water, initial doses are low and gradually increase based on a thyroid function test. (“Thyroid, levothyroxine & liothyronine”, n.d.) Another nursing implication is if a patient has difficulty swallowing the tablet, crush it and put it in five to ten milliliters of water and administer it immediately by either spoon or dropper. (“Thyroid, levothyroxine & liothyronine ”, n.d.)
Thyroid and metabolism hormones play a large role in the daily lives of all living species. Thyroid hormones regulate the metabolism and the metabolism is responsible for maintaining a specific range for the biochemical reactions that occur in the body (Martini 2014). The most important hormone for metabolic maintenance is thyroxine (T4). This hormone also plays a large role in body heat regulation. It is produced by the pituitary gland and secreted by the thyroid gland. The thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) must trigger the thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) to release thyroid hormones to the thyroid gland. These hormones are under control of the hypothalamus, or main neural control center. Propylthiouracil (PTU) is a medication used to treat
11. Following her recovery, Margaret was placed on three medications: (A) oral calcium supplementation, (B) oral estrogen, and (C) oral alendronate sodium (Fosamax). Specifically describe how each of these medications works to treat Margaret’s condition. Oral calcium is given to Margaret to help with the loss of bone tissue and to help with the aid of forming stronger bone tissue. Oral estrogen is for to help make up for the loss of estrogen deficiency in her body due to menopause and this drug also helps to prevent weakened bones and due to the lack of activity Margert is accustomed to this will be beneficial for her. Oral alendronate sodium is for an inhibitor to help with bone reabsorption of
The endocrine system is very dynamic and has ties to most, if not all of the other major systems of the body. It is responsible for production of hormones and the regulation of them as well. These hormones act as chemical messengers within the body. Through several differing mechanisms, they are able to trigger very specific responses in target cells or organs. This is what enables the endocrine system to guide growth, development, reproduction, and behavior, among many others as well.
Current meds are Lisinopril 20 mg PO daily for HTN, Omeprazole 40 mg PO for GERD, Topamax 25 mg BID for headaches, Calcium 500 mg PO TID for osteoporosis, Zofran 4 mg every 6 hrs/prn for nausea, Vicodin 5/325mg every 4 hours/prn for pain control.
Geffner DL, Hershman JM (July 1992). "β-Adrenergic blockade for the treatment of hyperthyroidism". The American Journal of Medicine 93 (1): 61–8.
Diabetes Insipidus is the less known form of diabetes. It is often accompanied by excess urine outflow, intake of fluid, and an increased thirst. Bedwetting due to lack of control and frequency, and an unusual concentration of urine is included. There are four types of DI, and each are completely different in treatment and causes. Most commonly, the cause is the lack of vasopressin, which concentrates urine to reduce its output. It is called pituitary DI because it is usually caused by the destruction of the back of the pituitary gland. It cannot be cured, but drugs can help with symptoms. Gestational DI is caused by pregnancy and usually disappears a few weeks after delivery. The placenta uses the vasopressin too fast and causes it. The symptoms are repressed the same way as pituitary DI. The third type of DI is caused by the kidneys inability to respond to the effects of vasopressin, called nephrogenic DI. It is resulted from drugs against kidney diseases, and could (or could not) be cured only by eliminating the drug or disease. Drugs can be prescribed to alleviate some of the symptoms. The fourth, primary polydipsia, is caused by excessive intake of fluids and has two subcategories. Dipsogenic DI is most common and usually associated with an abnormality in the brain that regulates thirst. Psychogenic polydipsia is caused by psychosomatic issues. Neither one can be completely treated.
During recent years, numerous newspaper and magazine articles have suggested that humans may be at risk because small amounts of well known environmental contaminants, such as dioxin, PCBs and DDT, can affect hormone levels. Hormones are produced by the endocrine system as regulators of biological function in target organs. Because hormones play a critical role in early development, toxicological effects on the endocrine system often have an impact on the reproductive system. The term endocrine disruptor is used to describe chemicals that can mimic hormones and may either enhance or counteract their effects. It has been suggested that these hormone changes can, in turn, lead to a variety of health problems including cancer, decreased fertility, and abnormalities in newborns.
There are two main types of diabetes. The firsts is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). In IDDM the body either doesn’t produce diabetes or produces very small amounts. The symptoms usually occur in teenagers under 20, usually around puberty. Untreated IDDM affects the metabolism of fat. Since the body can’t convert glucose into energy, it is broken down into fat and stored for energy. This also increases the amounts of ketone bodies in the blood, which interfere with respiration. The second type is called is non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). This is when the body doesn’t make enough insulin or is unable to use it. NIDDM is the most common of all diabetes; it makes up 90 to 95 percent of all cases. Scientists believe that in some people weight gain or obesity is what triggers their diabetes because 80 percent of people with diabetes are over weight.
Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic health condition in which the level of glucose in the blood is higher than usual. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not create enough insulin and type 2 diabetes occurs when insulin is produced, but is not adequate in lowering blood glucose levels or there is resistance to the insulin (Edwards, 2007, p. 9). Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease, foot and leg amputations, and new cases of blindness in the United States (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010, p. 1465-66). People with type 1 diabetes are required to take insulin to manage their glucose levels. People with type 2 diabetes are usually prescribed oral medications such as sulfonylurea agents, meglitinide analogues, or biguanides to help control their glucose levels. Twenty to 30% of people with type 2 diabetes require insulin therapy as well (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010, p. 1471). In addition to medication therapy, diet and weight control can help manage both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Because diabetes mellitus can cause such severe complications, it is important that people with diabetes understand the importance of certain health and lifestyle choices, such as their diet and weight to manage their disease. Patients with diabetes mellitus should pay special attention to the amount of carbohydrates, protein, fat, and minerals that are included in their diet. Monitoring these components of their diet, along with weight management, can help control their diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes is becoming an increasing problem in the United States, with half of all Americans becoming either diabetic or pre-diabetic. Treatments for Type-1 diabetes include taking insulin to help increase your glucose levels (blood sugar), eating healthy, maintaining healthy weight, and monitoring your daily levels. Type-2 treatments include most of Type-1’s treatments (excluding the taking of insulin) and in some cases a special diabetes medication or insulin therapy (Type-2).... ... middle of paper ...
Endocrine Hormones Are Involved In the Homeostasis of Blood Pressure Human body is probably as scientific as it could get with a whole network of controls and balances well in place. We have the nervous systems and immune systems and these systems are there to stay and more importantly they evolve and change with the passage of time. They keep upgrading themselves and this what keeps the man up to par with everything else and the change as and when they do come about. The hormone is like a messenger or a communicator in the case of out body. Once released, it carries the message through and forth and it travels through the main blood stream until it reaches and finds a cell with a receptor that it fits. This has to be a perfect fit and that is why it is sale that it must attach itself to the molecule like a key made for a certain lock. Then, like a key in a lock, the molecule attaches to the receptor and sends a signal inside the cell, which is relayed from here onwards. It is the content of the message which implies as to whether produce, release, take in or reduce the supply of p...
There are many enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in cells through control mechanisms, which keep humans in chemical balance. There are two systems that have a major responsibility for regulating body chemistry known as the endocrine system and nervous system. The endocrine system depends on chemical messengers that flow in the bloodstream known as hormones. Hormones travel to target cells, where they connect with receptors that initiate chemical changes within cells. The nervous system depends on neurotransmitters that are electrical impulses in nerve cells activated by its own chemical messengers. The nervous system counts on a much faster means of circulation. This cycle is what allows drugs to work so well, because they mimic the crucial role of hormones and neurotransmitters in the function of the human body.
The endocrine system is composed by a group of glands that secrete hormones for the secretion of a specific organ and the result of this cycle will contribute to of physiological and behavioral activities. The circulatory system makes a connection with the hormones secreted because it helps them to travel around the human body in a very short time. The endocrine glands that secrete the hormones that target specific hormones consist of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries and testes. However, they are secondary organs part of the body system such as the kidney, liver, and heart. The kidney in particular secretes endocrine hormones such as renin and erythropoietin (EPO).